December 2006 - arrl-odv - reflector.arrl.org

05-235 Report and Order
by Bob Vallio 20 Dec '06

20 Dec '06

How many of you noticed that the "List of commenters" was alphabetized in first-name order, rather than the more customary last-name order. Is there anything these bozos do right? Bob On 12/19/06, Sumner, Dave, K1ZZ <dsumner(a)arrl.org> wrote: > > >

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[arrl-odv:14975] Re: WT Docket 05-235
by Joyce Birmingham 20 Dec '06

20 Dec '06

What some of you seem to feel will only help to close the doors on our future. I've seen many kids today, (ages 8 to 80!) struggle to understand the theory and I've watched many of them fail and many of them succeed at the VE testing. I'd hate to be the nay-sayer telling them that they are probably not 'cut-out' to be hams. The kids(of all ages) are bright and full of promise and they are a big part of our future. And we have a responsibility to help all of them succeed. Remember the ARRL pillars? Education is one of them. As Frank has stated we are not getting an engineering license. And taking an Amateur Radio test, does not make you a Ham. It's what you learn and apply throughout the life of the hobby that makes you a Ham. We need to help aspiring hams by mentoring...helping them become good, courteous and skillful operators, 73, Joyce - KA2ANF ARRL Vice Director, Hudson Division ka2anf(a)arrl.org -----Original Message----- From: William Sawders [mailto:k7zm@hotmail.com] Sent: Sunday, December 17, 2006 10:32 AM To: arrl-odv Subject: [arrl-odv:14951] Re: WT Docket 05-235 There's an opinion I can really agree to. Remember the days when we had to "draw" diagrams? The Colpitts...Hartley, and R.F. Amplifiers? For a new ham, that was always tough for me. It might be something to put back into the exams. See ya'll next month. Bill Sawders, K7ZM VD NW Div -------Original Message------- From: Brian Mileshosky Date: 12/16/06 21:38:21 To: arrl-odv Subject: [arrl-odv:14948] Re: WT Docket 05-235 All -- My personal opinion... I'm sad to see the Morse requirement go, but that's from a philosophical standpoint and not a regulatory standpoint. I would be happier if the theory exams were beefed up in response -- a whole lot more than where it is now. The Tech theory seems to have been watered down to where anyone can pass with a few days of memorization. "What is the purpose of the 'Function' key found on your transceiver?" I guess the big thing for me is the seemingly growing attitude -- inside Ham Radio and throughout many other aspects of our society -- that everyone should be able to accomplish anything no matter what, and the easy way to fix that is to make everything easier to accomplish, rather than establishing a bar for those willing to devote time and effort to meet and exceed. For those who can't devote the time and effort, well, that's life. As Rick K5UR has said (and not with respect to the CW requirement, so I don't want to get him in trouble), "Not everyone is cut out to be a Ham." It's the same train of thought used by those who are targeting the game "tag" or dodgeball in our schools. The poor, slow children always seem to the ones who get "picked on," so let's just ban it to make them feel better rather than encouraging them to try harder and get better on the playground so they too can excel at the games. Not everyone is cut out to play tag or dodgeball either. Don't get me wrong, this wasn't the FCC's motivation for doing away with CW, but it could have been FCC's philosophical reason for retaining CW, much like their philosophical reason for requiring a theory exam. Many Hams held out for this day so they could end up on HF through the clock striking midnight on some evening in the near future. Path of least resistance for reward. While I'm not predicting the demise of Ham Radio, I am unfortunately led to ponder when the day will come when even the theory exam will be whittled down to a seemingly level on non-existence because "everyone should be able to get a license if they want one." I can't place blame on the Hams for jumping at the opportunity, and I'll respect every one of them as I do current hams who are on the air...it's the "system" and society that I blame for the 'instant gratification for minimal effort so we don't hurt feelings' attitude that seems to exist. Back to what I alluded to in the first paragraph of my Saturday night rant, it's not just because it's CW (and I'm a CW op, and as Frank said below it's a mode, not a religion). I'd feel better if the theory exams were beefed up as a result, just so a respectable bar remains for one to meet and exceed in order to get their ham ticket. Not everyone is cut out to be a Ham, and that's consistent with an unwritten rule of life that I accept wholeheartedly. My whippersnapper point of view...whew! 73, Brian, N5ZGT > Joel, > > I could not agree more with the statement below. The FCC has ruled: CW > is Mode and NOT a religion. I for one have had the debate up to my ears > for far too long! I will be interesting to see how ham radio goes in the > next few years. It is, I am sure, not the end of the world. And yes, it > is LONG overdue! I think it's a nice Christmas present.

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[arrl-odv:14974] Re: BPL - bad news?
by Sumner, Dave, K1ZZ 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

Rick Lindquist has the FCC letter but he's been a bit preoccupied, as we all have been. There is one outstanding complaint from W1CRO that the FCC did not address. We'll turn this to our advantage -- now we can record the interference and demonstrate that the FCC's standards are inadequate. Dave ________________________________ From: Harrison, Joel [mailto:Joel.Harrison@wgint.com] Sent: Tue 12/19/2006 10:42 PM To: arrl-odv Subject: [arrl-odv:14973] Re: BPL - bad news? Yes, this is true, HOWEVER, the method used by the Commission to conduct its measurements isn't clean. Our agreement was that they would contact the hams who filed complaints and advise them they were coming to town and involve them in this process. The FCC did no such thing. This just came to light late yesterday and Dave, Chris and Ed Hare have been investigating today and have been in direct contact with the Manassas hams. Chris or Dave may add more, but that is it in a nutshell. Yes, FCC did dismiss the complaints to from what we've gathered up to now, they ain't clean. Joel -----Original Message----- From: Tom Frenaye [mailto:frenaye@pcnet.com] Sent: Tuesday, December 19, 2006 4:31 PM To: arrl-odv Subject: [arrl-odv:14972] BPL - bad news? Is this true? Can someone fill me in on what's going on with this one (and our other BPL interference problems)? Or is it just more bluster? -- Tom >UPLC Powerline: Manassas Complaint Dismissed > > From the Dec 19 issue > >FCC: MANASSAS COMPLAINT DISMISSED > >The FCC's Spectrum Enforcement Division dismissed interference complaints from five amateur operators against the BPL deployment bythe City of Manassas and COMTek. It found that emission measurement staken by the Commission on October 25-26, 2006 "demonstrate that the Manassas BPL system is in compliance with the radiated emission limits specified in Section 15.611(b) of the Commission's Rules at the two sites in areas we tested where emissions appear to be the highest.These measurements also demonstrate that the system is utilizing notches of 20 dB or more to protect the 7 MHz amateur band." The FCChad conducted tests in six areas that were chosen based on their proximity to locations identified in the interference complaints filed by the five amateur radio operations and drive-through monitoring ofthe system in test-mode. This is complete and total vindication forManassas, which has been the target of pending complaints for two years. For more information, contact the UPL! C Lega l/Regulatory Department. > ===== e-mail: k1ki(a)arrl.org ARRL New England Division Director http://www.arrl.org/ Tom Frenaye, K1KI, P O Box J, West Suffield CT 06093 Phone: 860-668-5444

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[arrl-odv:14973] Re: BPL - bad news?
by Harrison, Joel 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

Yes, this is true, HOWEVER, the method used by the Commission to conduct its measurements isn't clean. Our agreement was that they would contact the hams who filed complaints and advise them they were coming to town and involve them in this process. The FCC did no such thing. This just came to light late yesterday and Dave, Chris and Ed Hare have been investigating today and have been in direct contact with the Manassas hams. Chris or Dave may add more, but that is it in a nutshell. Yes, FCC did dismiss the complaints to from what we've gathered up to now, they ain't clean. Joel -----Original Message----- From: Tom Frenaye [mailto:frenaye@pcnet.com] Sent: Tuesday, December 19, 2006 4:31 PM To: arrl-odv Subject: [arrl-odv:14972] BPL - bad news? Is this true? Can someone fill me in on what's going on with this one (and our other BPL interference problems)? Or is it just more bluster? -- Tom >UPLC Powerline: Manassas Complaint Dismissed > > From the Dec 19 issue > >FCC: MANASSAS COMPLAINT DISMISSED > >The FCC's Spectrum Enforcement Division dismissed interference complaints from five amateur operators against the BPL deployment bythe City of Manassas and COMTek. It found that emission measurement staken by the Commission on October 25-26, 2006 "demonstrate that the Manassas BPL system is in compliance with the radiated emission limits specified in Section 15.611(b) of the Commission's Rules at the two sites in areas we tested where emissions appear to be the highest.These measurements also demonstrate that the system is utilizing notches of 20 dB or more to protect the 7 MHz amateur band." The FCChad conducted tests in six areas that were chosen based on their proximity to locations identified in the interference complaints filed by the five amateur radio operations and drive-through monitoring ofthe system in test-mode. This is complete and total vindication forManassas, which has been the target of pending complaints for two years. For more information, contact the UPL! C Lega l/Regulatory Department. > ===== e-mail: k1ki(a)arrl.org ARRL New England Division Director http://www.arrl.org/ Tom Frenaye, K1KI, P O Box J, West Suffield CT 06093 Phone: 860-668-5444

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[arrl-odv:14972] BPL - bad news?
by Tom Frenaye 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

Is this true? Can someone fill me in on what's going on with this one (and our other BPL interference problems)? Or is it just more bluster? -- Tom >UPLC Powerline: Manassas Complaint Dismissed > > From the Dec 19 issue > >FCC: MANASSAS COMPLAINT DISMISSED > >The FCC's Spectrum Enforcement Division dismissed interference complaints from five amateur operators against the BPL deployment bythe City of Manassas and COMTek. It found that emission measurement staken by the Commission on October 25-26, 2006 "demonstrate that the Manassas BPL system is in compliance with the radiated emission limits specified in Section 15.611(b) of the Commission's Rules at the two sites in areas we tested where emissions appear to be the highest.These measurements also demonstrate that the system is utilizing notches of 20 dB or more to protect the 7 MHz amateur band." The FCChad conducted tests in six areas that were chosen based on their proximity to locations identified in the interference complaints filed by the five amateur radio operations and drive-through monitoring ofthe system in test-mode. This is complete and total vindication forManassas, which has been the target of pending complaints for two years. For more information, contact the UPL! C Lega l/Regulatory Department. > ===== e-mail: k1ki(a)arrl.org ARRL New England Division Director http://www.arrl.org/ Tom Frenaye, K1KI, P O Box J, West Suffield CT 06093 Phone: 860-668-5444

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[arrl-odv:14971] 05-235 Report and Order
by Sumner, Dave, K1ZZ 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

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INTRODUCTION AND Executive Summary 1 II. BACKGROUND 5 III. DIsCUSSION 11 A. Amateur Radio Operator Licensing Requirements 11 B. Operating Privileges 19 C. Number of Amateur Radio Operator License Classes 22 D. Conforming Rule Changes 26 IV. Conclusion 30 V. PROCEDURAL MATTERS 31 A. Final and Supplementary Final Regulatory Flexibility Certifications. 31 B. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Analysis 33 C. Congressional Review Act 34 D. Alternative Formats 35 VI. ORDERING CLAUSES 37 APPENDICES APPENDIX A - Final rules APPENDIX B - List of commenters INTRODUCTION AND Executive Summary In this Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration (R&O), we address comments received in response to a Notice of Proposed Rule Making and Order (NPRM) in this proceeding, released by the Commission on July 19, 2005, which sought comment on proposed revisions to the Commission's Amateur Radio Service rules. The NPRM addressed eighteen petitions for rulemaking. Generally, the NPRM proposed to eliminate the requirement that an individual must pass an international Morse code telegraphy examination in order to qualify for any amateur radio operator license. As discussed below, this R&O implements the proposals set forth in the NPRM. Specifically, we will amend our Amateur Radio Service rules by: . revising the examination requirements for obtaining a General Class or Amateur Extra Class amateur radio operator license; and . revising the operating privileges for Technician Class licensees to include the operating privileges that are authorized to Novice Class licensees. We conclude that these actions will further the public interest by removing unnecessary requirements from our Rules. Moreover, we believe that these changes will (1) encourage individuals who are interested in communications technology, or who are able to contribute to the advancement of the radio art, to become amateur radio operators; and (2) eliminate a requirement that may discourage amateur service licensees from advancing their skills in the communications and technical phases of amateur radio. In addition, in order to further address concerns of the amateur radio community, we take this opportunity to resolve a petition filed by the American Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL) for partial reconsideration of the Report and Order in WT Docket No. 04-140 (the Phone Band Expansion proceeding), which the Commission released on October 10, 2006. Among other actions, the Commission authorized amateur stations to transmit voice communications on additional frequencies in certain amateur service bands, including expanding the 75 meter (m) band, which is authorized only for certain wideband emissions, from 3750-4000 kHz to 3600-4000 kHz, and commensurately reducing the 80 m band, which is authorized only for certain narrowband emissions, from 3500-3750 kHz to 3500-3600 kHz. The ARRL argues that the 75 m band should not have been expanded below 3635 kHz, in order to protect automatically controlled digital stations operating in the 3620-3635 kHz portion of the 80 m band. We conclude that these operations can be protected by providing alternate spectrum in the 3585-3600 kHz frequency segment. BACKGROUND The Commission's rules define the Amateur Radio Service as "the amateur service, the amateursatellite service, and the radio amateur civil emergency service (RACES)." The amateur service is available to persons who are interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest. It presents an opportunity for individuals to self-train in radio and communications technology and to carry out technical investigations. Amateur radio operators also engage in voluntary, noncommercial communications with other amateur radio operators located in the United States and in foreign countries, and form a group of trained operators who have the ability, on a voluntary basis, to assist the public by providing essential communications links and facilitating relief actions, particularly when a disaster or other emergency situation occurs or is likely to occur. The international Radio Regulations (Radio Regulations) require that operators of amateur service stations be licensed. Prior to July 2003, the Radio Regulations required that any person seeking a license to operate an amateur radio station demonstrate proficiency in Morse code, but allowed administrations to waive this requirement for persons operating amateur radio stations using only frequencies above 30 MHz. Thus, countries could issue "no code" amateur service operator licenses, i.e., amateur service operator licenses that did not require the licensee to pass a telegraphy test, for stations using only amateur service frequencies above 30 MHz, while requiring demonstration of Morse code proficiency by persons holding an amateur operator license that authorized transmitting privileges on frequencies below 30 MHz. In 1990, the Commission removed the telegraphy examination requirement for the Technician Class operator license. In 1999, the Commission adopted the License Restructure Report and Order, which simplified the amateur service operator license structure on a going-forward basis to three classes of operator licenses -- the Technician Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class -- and streamlined the amateur radio operator examination system. To comply with the then-effective Radio Regulations, the Commission continued to require a telegraphy examination requirement for the General Class and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), under the auspices of the United Nations, convened the 2003 World Radio Conference (WRC-03) from June 9 to July 4, 2003, in Geneva, Switzerland. The actions taken at WRC-03 were published as the WRC-03 Final Acts, and are codified in the ITU Radio Regulations. At WRC-03, the international regulations applicable to the amateur service were revised in a comprehensive manner, resulting in more streamlined, updated regulations that reflect modern amateur radio communication techniques and technologies. Among other things, the WRC-03 Final Acts amended Article 25 of the Radio Regulations to allow each country to determine whether it would require a person seeking an amateur radio operator license to demonstrate the ability to send and receive texts in Morse code signals. The effect of this revision to Article 25 was to eliminate the international requirement that a person demonstrate Morse code proficiency in order to qualify for an amateur radio operator license with transmitting privileges on frequencies below 30 MHz. On July 19, 2005, the Commission released the NPRM in this proceeding, and sought comment regarding proposals to change the Amateur Radio Service examination requirements. Specifically, the Commission proposed to revise Section 97.501 of the Commission's rules to remove the five wpm telegraphy examination from the examination requirements for the General Class and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. The Commission also considered various requests to authorize additional operating privileges to Technician and Novice Class licensees. It declined requests that it authorize additional operating privileges to these licensees, noting that to do so would lessen the incentive for them to upgrade to a higher class operator license, and that these licensees could earn more operating privileges than the petitions requested by passing one or two written examinations. In response to the NPRM, we received over 3900 comments and reply comments. On October 10, 2006, the Commission released the Report and Order in the Phone Band Expansion proceeding. Among other actions, the Commission authorized amateur stations to transmit voice communications on additional frequencies in certain amateur service bands. Specifically, the Commission expanded the 75 m band, which is authorized only for voice and image communications, from 3750-4000 kHz to 3600-4000 kHz, thereby increasing the spectrum that amateur stations could use for voice communications. As a consequence of this expansion of the 75 m band, the 80 m band, which is authorized for radio teletype (RTTY) and data communications, was reduced from 3500-3750 kHz to 3500-3600 kHz. On December 11, 2006, the ARRL filed a petition for partial reconsideration arguing that the 75 m band should not have been expanded below 3635 kHz, in order to protect digital operations in the lower end of the 80 m band. DIsCUSSION Amateur Radio Operator Licensing Requirements Background. The current structure of amateur radio operator license classes, and the requirements for obtaining these licenses, were developed to simplify the license structure for the Amateur Radio Service while maintaining additional frequency privileges as an incentive for amateur radio operators to advance their communications and technical skills. As a licensee advances or "upgrades" to a higher class operator license, the licensee earns more frequency privileges. To qualify for a Technician Class operator license, an applicant must pass a thirty-five question written examination (Element 2) concerning the privileges of this license. The Technician Plus Class operator license required that an applicant pass, in addition to the Element 2 written examination, a five wpm telegraphy examination. To qualify for a General Class operator license, an applicant must pass an additional thirty-five question written examination concerning the privileges of the General Class operator license (Element 3), and a five wpm telegraphy examination (Element 1). To qualify for an Amateur Extra Class operator license, an applicant must pass the examination elements required for a General Class operator license and an additional fifty question written examination concerning the privileges of this license class (Element 4). In the License Restructure Report and Order, the Commission concluded that the public interest would best be served by reducing the telegraphy examination requirement for an amateur radio operator license to the minimum that would satisfy the Radio Regulations. As a number of petitioners note, the Commission could not eliminate all telegraphy examination requirements at that time, due to the then-effective Radio Regulations requirement that a person demonstrate Morse code proficiency in order to qualify for an amateur radio operator license with transmitting privileges on frequencies below 30 MHz. For this reason, the Commission eliminated, as a licensing requirement, the thirteen wpm and twenty wpm telegraphy examinations, and retained only the minimum telegraphy requirement of five wpm. Decision. In the NPRM, the Commission proposed to eliminate the requirement that a telegraphy examination be passed for an individual to qualify for either the General or Amateur Extra Class amateur radio operator license. The record reflects a division of views in the amateur radio community regarding this proposal. Many of the comments from individual amateur radio operators support eliminating the telegraphy proficiency requirement. Other comments contend that telegraphy proficiency as a license qualification requirement is not necessary for the General Class operator license, but should be maintained for the Amateur Extra Class operator license. Others argue that the present telegraphy examination requirements should be maintained because any reduction in these requirements will be detrimental to the amateur service while providing no long-term benefits. Based on our review of the record in the proceeding and on consideration of the various comments on this issue, we believe that because the international requirement for telegraphy proficiency has been eliminated, we should treat Morse code telegraphy as we do other communications techniques. In this connection, we note that our Rules do not require individuals to pass a practical examination to demonstrate some degree of proficiency in non-telegraphy communications techniques. Rather, individuals demonstrate knowledge of other communication techniques and technical qualifications by passing written examinations composed of questions that prove that the examinee possesses the operational and technical qualifications required for the privileges authorized by the operator license. We believe, therefore, that written examinations are sufficient to determine whether a person is qualified to be issued an amateur radio operator license. Accordingly, we conclude that the public interest will best be served by eliminating the telegraphy examination requirement as a separate examination requirement in the amateur service. To achieve this result, we will amend Section 97.501 of our Rules to eliminate the requirement that an individual demonstrate five wpm proficiency in telegraphy in order to qualify for a General or Amateur Extra Class operator license. In reaching this decision, we note that one of the fundamental purposes underlying our Part 97 rules is to accommodate amateur radio operators' proven ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art. The Commission has previously stated that an individual's ability to demonstrate increased Morse code proficiency is not necessarily indicative of his or her ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art, and the record before us shows that many commenters agree. In the NPRM, the Commission expressed its belief that eliminating the telegraphy examination requirement would encourage individuals who are interested in communications technology, or who are able to contribute to the advancement of the radio art, to become amateur radio operators. A number of commenters agree that the Morse code requirement keeps individuals that would enhance the hobby from getting a license, and that there is no relationship between an individuals knowledge of Morse code and that individuals knowledge of radio regulations and practices and skills necessary to operate an amateur station. Other commenters, while not disputing that telegraphy can and will continue to be a way to communicate, point out that amateur radio operators exchange messages using telegraphy only if they choose to do so, and that . . . interest and participation [in use of Morse code] should be voluntary, as it is with other sub-specialties in the amateur service. Another fundamental purpose underlying our Part 97 rules is to enhance the value of the amateur service to the public, particularly with respect to providing emergency communications. Based on the record before us, we are not persuaded to depart from the pending proposal by the argument that telegraphy proficiency should be required because amateur radio stations may provide or assist with emergency communications. The Commission previously addressed the essence of this argument, and concluded that most emergency communication today is performed using voice, data, or video techniques, and that most amateur radio operators who choose to provide emergency communications do so using voice or digital modes of communication because information can be exchanged much faster using these modes rather than telegraphy. As a result, we find that requiring an individual to demonstrate Morse code proficiency as a license qualification requirement is unrelated to licensees ability to provide or assist with emergency communications. We conclude that these considerations outweigh arguments that a telegraphy requirement is justified because telegraphy is historically and traditionally unique, and that telegraphy ability, as demonstrated by passing a test, has fundamental and enduring value to the amateur radio community. We also disagree that a Morse code proficiency testing requirement must be retained to insure the continued quality pool of amateur radio operators, or because the telegraphy examination is the only part of the licensing procedure that cannot be simply memorized. The record is devoid of a demonstrated nexus between Morse code proficiency and on-the-air conduct. As a result, we concur with the observation that maintaining the code requirement does not purge amateur radio of bad operators. Education and self-policing does. As noted in the record, the claim that code requirements help eliminate bad apples from the radio hobby has not proven correct in the past and is not a viable argument for the present, or future. Finally, we disagree with commenters who support eliminating the telegraphy requirement for the General Class operator license, but advocate retaining it for the Amateur Extra Class operator license. The ARRL and others argue that the telegraphy requirement for the Amateur Extra Class operator license should not be eliminated because the Amateur Extra Class license ought to represent the ultimate in achievement in both technical and operating skills in Amateur Radio," and "the number of radio amateurs who have achieved this ultimate license class clearly demonstrates that a 5 words-per-minute telegraphy requirement is not a significant deterrent to those who aspire to it." We nevertheless believe that the public interest is not served by requiring facility in Morse Code when the trend in amateur communications is to use voice and digital technologies for exchanging messages. Rather, we believe that because the international requirement for telegraphy proficiency has been eliminated, we should treat Morse code telegraphy no differently from other amateur service communications techniques. This reasoning applies equally to the General Class and the Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. We are not persuaded that the Amateur Extra Class being the highest license class is a sufficient reason alone to retain a requirement that we conclude is otherwise inappropriate and unnecessary. We also note that our action here does not preclude Amateur Extra Class licensees, or for that matter, other amateur service licensees from pursuing and/or continuing to pursue Morse code proficiency should they so desire. Operating Privileges Background. The Part 97 rules specify operating privileges for the various license classes. Currently, the Novice Class operator license authorizes voice or telegraphy operating privileges in segments of four HF amateur service bands and segments of two amateur service bands above 30 MHz. The Technician Class operator license authorizes all operating privileges available to amateur radio operators on all amateur service frequencies above 30 MHz. An individual who holds a Technician Class operator license and, additionally, has passed a five wpm telegraphy examination is authorized Technician Class operator privileges plus the HF privileges authorized Novice Class licensees. The General Class operator license authorizes the holder all privileges of the Technician Class license plus all emission and frequency privileges in the MF band, and all emission privileges authorized in certain frequency segments of all HF bands that are authorized to amateur radio stations. An Advanced Class operator license authorizes General Class operator privileges plus additional frequency privileges in some of the HF bands that are authorized to amateur radio stations. An Amateur Extra Class operator license authorizes, in addition to General Class privileges, additional frequency segments in four of the HF bands that are authorized to amateur radio stations. In the NPRM, the Commission denied several requests that it authorize additional operating privileges, particularly with respect to Technician Class licensees. In denying these requests, the Commission noted that these additional frequency bands and emission types in the MF and HF bands are currently authorized to General Class licensees, and that Novice and Technician Plus Class licensees can earn the requested additional privileges by passing only two or one written examinations, respectively. Decision. The ARRL and other commenters point out that, if the Morse code requirement is eliminated, there will be a disparity between Technician and Technician Plus operating privileges even though licensees in both classes have passed the same written examination element. Based on our review of our Rules, we agree. Consistent with our decision herein to eliminate the Morse code requirement, we are eliminating this disparity by amending Section 97.301(e) to afford Technician and Technician Plus licensees identical operating privileges. Thereby, licensees in both classes of license will have voice and telegraphy privileges identical to Novice Class licensees in four HF amateur service bands. In eliminating this disparity between Technician and Technician Plus licenses, we are simplifying the amateur service licensing structure and promoting regulatory parity. Number of Amateur Radio Operator License Classes Background. In the NPRM, the Commission denied several requests for establishment of a new introductory operator license that would not have a Morse code requirement but would give licensees access to the VHF and UHF amateur bands and limited telegraphy, data and voice privileges in the HF bands. The Commission reasoned that eliminating telegraphy testing, as we do here today, would make the introductory class license superfluous because new entrants could qualify for a General Class license by passing two examination elements. Thereby, the new entrant would be afforded access to significantly more spectrum than contemplated for the introductory class license. Decision. In its comments, the ARRL again requests that we establish a new introductory amateur service license. In support of this request, the ARRL contends that the current entry level license class, the Technician Class operator license, "is demonstrably neither attractive to newcomers nor encouraging in terms of retaining the interest of license holders." It also argues that elimination of the telegraphy examination as a requirement for the General Class license "will likely result in a significant increase in license upgrades from those Technician Class licensees who have remained involved in amateur radio" to the General and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. However, the ARRL asserts that eliminating the requirement for telegraphy proficiency, "without more, will have no effect on newcomers to the amateur service" and, therefore, will not result in "sustained growth" in the number of amateur service licensees. Other commenters support some form of entry level HF license category parallel to the Novice-Technician level or a learners class of license that is suitable for the classroom. They assert, for example, that the nation needs an entry class license whereby younger children can enter the amateur service and become interested in communications and engineering. Current examinations for amateur radio licenses ensure, at a minimum, that the applicant understands the Commissions rules for the service and the fundamental principles of radio communication. None of the proponents of an introductory level license has shown how an introductory level license examination would achieve an equivalent understanding of the rules and of radio communications fundamentals. Further, the record is devoid of sufficient objective and quantifiable information that would cause us to conclude that the current examinations and/or the current FCC Amateur Radio Service license structure are a significant barrier to persons seeking an amateur radio license. Moreover, our action today in eliminating the Morse code proficiency test undercuts one of the primary purported advantages of a code-free introductory class of license. Accordingly, we believe that the current licensing structure, as modified herein, provides significant and sufficient incentives for participation in the amateur radio service, and based on the record before us at this time, we decline to establish a new introductory class of amateur radio license. In light of the decisions we have reached in this proceeding and in the Phone Band Expansion proceeding, we conclude that no additional changes to the privileges of the Technician Class operator license are needed at this time. As discussed above, the rules adopted herein grant Technician Class licensees additional operating privileges in four HF bands, which at least partially addresses commenters' desire for an introductory license class that allows licensees to communicate over a wider geographic area. We believe, therefore, that the ARRL's concerns have been substantially addressed by the actions we have taken. Additionally, we are declining ARRLs request that Novice and Technician Class licensees be given voice and image privileges in certain segments of the 80, 40, 15 and 10 m bands. Our action today giving Technician Class licensees the same privileges as Technician Plus Class licensees does effectively provide some of the relief ARRL seeks because Technician class licensees now have voice and digital privileges in the 10 m HF band. However, we are concerned that giving Novice and Technician class licensees voice privileges in the other HF bands would be a disincentive for these licensees to improve their knowledge and skills and attain a higher class license. Passing the thirty-five question written examination for the intermediate class of license -- the General Class -- is well within the capability of most, if not all, Technician and Technician Plus licensees, particularly given the study guides and other aids available from, among others, the ARRL. However, providing the complete relief ARRL requests and removing most of the reward for passing the examination -- access to other HF bands -- would likewise remove the incentive to do so and would be inconsistent with the Commissions rationale for establishing different operator license classes. We therefore are not persuaded that we should make further changes in the operating privileges attendant on the current license classes given the record before us. Conforming Rule Changes Automatically controlled digital stations. Background. In the Phone Band Expansion proceeding, the Commission authorized amateur stations to transmit voice communications on additional frequencies in certain amateur service bands. Specifically, the Commission expanded the 75 meter (m) band, which is authorized only for voice and image communications, from 3750-4000 kHz to 3600-4000 kHz, thereby increasing the spectrum that amateur stations could use for voice communications. The Commission took this action because the record in that proceeding indicated that increasing the amount of spectrum for voice communications will reduce interference among stations using voice communications, thereby benefiting all licensees, and that authorizing more spectrum for voice communications will more closely reflect licensees' operating preferences, thereby resulting in more efficient use of amateur service spectrum. As a consequence of this expansion of the 75 m band, the 80 m band, which is authorized for radio teletype (RTTY) and data communications, was reduced from 3500-3750 kHz to 3500-3600 kHz. Section 97.221(b) of the Commissions Rules, however, provides that a station may be automatically controlled while transmitting a RTTY or data emission on, among other frequency segments, 3620-3635 kHz. Because 3620-3635 kHz will no longer be authorized for RTTY and data communications due to its inclusion in the expanded 75 m band, the failure to specify an alternative frequency segment in the 80 m band for automatically controlled stations transmitting a RTTY or data emission would prevent amateur service licensees from using any portion of the 80 m band for such stations. The ARRL argues that we should protect automatically controlled stations transmitting a RTTY or data emission in the 80 m band by expanding the 75 m band only to 3635-4000 kHz, rather than 3600-4000 kHz. We conclude that the expansion of the 75 m band should not be so limited, because of the need, discussed above, for more spectrum for voice communications. We agree with the ARRL, however, that the Commission did not intend to reduce the amount of spectrum available for automatically controlled digital stations. To correct this unintended consequence of the rules adopted in the Phone Band Expansion proceeding, we amend Section 97.221(b) to again authorize a segment of the 80 m band to be used for automatically controlled digital stations. Specifically, we authorize these stations to transmit in the 3585-3600 kHz frequency segment. We believe that because this frequency segment is very near the 3620-3635 kHz frequency segment now authorized for RTTY and data communications and because licensees generally have frequency-agile equipment, they will be able to shift their operations to this frequency segment with minimal difficulty. We also note that this frequency segment, like the previously authorized frequency segment, is in the band segment authorized for RTTY and data communications, and that it provides the same amount of spectrum as was previously authorized for automatically controlled digital stations in the 80 m band. Reciprocal operation by CEPT licensees Background. In 1998, the Commission amended its Rules to allow a person who has a European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) radio-amateur license . . . issued by the country of which the person is a citizen, and who satisfies other requirements in the Commissions rules, to be the control operator of an amateur radio station at a location where the Commission regulates the amateur service. Section 97.301(a) currently authorizes a station controlled by a person who has been granted a CEPT radio-amateur license of any class the privileges authorized to Technician Class amateur service licensees. Section 97.301(b) authorizes a station controlled by a person who has been granted a CEPT radio-amateur license Class 1 the privileges we authorize Amateur Extra Class licensees. In 2003, CEPT removed the then-mandatory Morse code requirement for amateur service licensing and reduced the number of amateur radio license classes from two to one. To conform our rules to reflect that CEPT has reduced the number of amateur classes from two to one, we will amend Section 97.301 to authorize Amateur Extra Class privileges to all individuals who have been issued a CEPT radio-amateur license by their country of citizenship, and who satisfy other requirements in the Commissions rules. The good cause exception to the notice and comment provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act applies to our amendment of Section 97.301. The United States is a signatory to the CEPT agreement and we thus must give effect to CEPTs establishing a single license class. Given that obligation, it is unnecessary -- and also would be unproductive -- to provide notice and receive comment in advance of taking this action. Conclusion In summary, we believe that the public interest will be served by revising the amateur service rules to eliminate the telegraphy testing requirement. We also believe that these rule changes will allow amateur service licensees to better fulfill the purpose of the amateur service and will enhance the usefulness of the amateur service to the public and licensees. PROCEDURAL MATTERS Final and Supplementary Final Regulatory Flexibility Certifications. The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as amended (RFA), requires a regulatory flexibility analysis to be prepared for notice and comment rulemaking proceedings, unless the agency certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The RFA generally defines the term small entity as having the same meaning as the terms small business, small organization, and small governmental jurisdiction. In addition, the term small business has the same meaning as the term small business concern under the Small Business Act. A small business concern is one which: (1) is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its field of operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria established by the Small Business Administration (SBA). In this Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, we amend the Rules that specify the examination requirements for an amateur service operator license, and we provide additional spectrum for operation of automatically controlled digital stations. The amended rules apply exclusively to individuals who are or desire to become licensees in the Amateur Radio Service. Such amendments are in the public interest because they will more closely align the Commissions rules with the international Radio Regulations applicable to the amateur service and will allow more individuals to contribute to the advancement of the radio art by becoming amateur radio operators. The rule changes do not result in any mandatory change in manufactured amateur radio equipment. Therefore, we certify that the rules reflected in this Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The Commission will send a copy of the Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, including a copy of these Final and Supplementary Final Regulatory Flexibility Certifications, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA. This certification will also be published in the Federal Register. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Analysis This Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration has been analyzed with respect to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public Law 104-13, and found to contain no information collection requirement. In addition, it does not contain any new or modified information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer than 25 employees, pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. § 3506(c)(4). Congressional Review Act The Commission will send a copy of this Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration in a report to be sent to Congress and the General Accounting Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C. § 801(a)(1)(A). Alternative Formats To request materials in alternative formats for people with disabilities (Braille, large print, electronic files, audio format), send an e-mail to < HYPERLINK "mailto:FCC504@fcc.gov" FCC504(a)fcc.gov> or call the Consumer and Government Affairs Bureau at (202) 418-0530 (voice), (202) 418-0432 (TTY). This Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration also may be downloaded from the Commissions web site at < HYPERLINK "http://www.fcc.gov/" http://www.fcc.gov/>. For further information, contact William T. Cross, Mobility Division, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, (202) 418-0691, or TTY (202) 418-7233. ORDERING CLAUSES IT IS ORDERED that, pursuant to Sections 4(i), 303(f), 303(r), and 332 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. §§ 154 (i), 303(f), 303(r) and 332, this Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration IS ADOPTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Petition for Partial Reconsideration filed by the American Radio Relay League, Inc. on December 11, 2006 is GRANTED to the extent indicated above, and otherwise DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Petition for Partial Stay of Effective Date of Rule filed by the American Radio Relay League, Inc. on December 11, 2006 is DISMISSED AS MOOT. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Part 97 of the Commission's Rules IS AMENDED as specified in Appendix A, effective [30 days after publication in the Federal Register]. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Commissions Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reference Information Center, SHALL SEND a copy of this Report and Order, including the Final and Supplementary Regulatory Flexibility Certifications, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Marlene H. Dortch Secretary APPENDIX A Final rules Chapter 1 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows: Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service The authority citation for part 97 continues to read as follows: AUTHORITY: 48 Stat. 1066, 1082, as amended; 47 U.S.C. 154, 303. Interpret or apply 48 Stat. 1064-1068, 1081-1105, as amended; 47 U.S.C. 151-155, 301-609, unless otherwise noted. 1. Section 97.3 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(12) to read as follows: § 97.3 Definitions. (a) * * * (12) CEPT radio amateur license. A license issued by a country belonging to the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) that has adopted Recommendation T/R 61-01 (Nice 1985, Paris 1992, Nicosia 2003). * * * * * 2. Section 97.221 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 97.221 Automatically controlled digital station. (a) *** (b) A station may be automatically controlled while transmitting a RTTY or data emission on the 6 m or shorter wavelength bands, and on the 28.12028.189 MHz, 24.92524.930 MHz, 21.09021.100 MHz, 18.10518.110 MHz, 14.095014.0995 MHz, 14.100514.112 MHz, 10.14010.150 MHz, 7.1007.105 MHz, or 3.5853.600 MHz segments. * * * * * 3. Section 97.301 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b) and (e) to read as follows: § 97.301 Authorized frequency bands. * * * * * (a) For a station having a control operator who has been granted a Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra Class operator license, who holds a CEPT radio amateur license, or who holds any class of IARP: * * * (b) For a station having a control operator who has been granted an Amateur Extra Class operator license, who holds a CEPT radio amateur license, or who holds a Class 1 IARP license: * * * (c) * * * (d) * * * (e) For a station having a control operator who has been granted an operator license of Novice Class, Technician Class, or Technician Plus Class: * * * * * 4. Section 97.501 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and (b) to read as follows: § 97.501 Qualifying for an amateur operator license. * * * * * (a) Amateur Extra Class operator: Elements 2, 3, and 4; (b) General Class operator: Elements 2 and 3; * * * * * 5. Section 97.503 is amended by removing paragraph (a), redesignating paragraph (b) as an undesignated introductory paragraph, and redesignating paragraphs (b)(1)-(3) as paragraphs (a)-(c), respectively. 6. Section 97.505 is amended by removing paragraphs (a)(4), (a)(5), (a)(7), and (a)(9), redesignating paragraphs (a)(6) as (a)(5) and (a)(8) as (a)(4), and revising paragraphs (a)(1)-(a)(3) to read as follows: § 97.505 Element credit. (a) * * * * * (1) An unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCC-granted Advanced Class operator license grant: Elements 2 and 3. (2) An unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCC-granted General Class operator license grant: Elements 2 and 3. (3) An unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCC-granted Technician or Technician Plus Class operator (including a Technician Class operator license granted before February 14, 1991) license grant: Element 2. * * * * * 7. Section 97.507 is amended by removing paragraph (d) and revising paragraphs (a), (a)(2), and (c) to read as follows: § 97.507 Preparing an examination. (a) Each written question set administered to an examinee must be prepared by a VE holding an Amateur Extra Class operator license. A written question set may also be prepared for the following elements by a VE holding an operator license of the class indicated: (1) * * * (2) Element 2: Advanced, General, or Technician Plus Class operators. (b) * * * * * (c) Each written question set administered to an examinee for an amateur operator license must be prepared, or obtained from a supplier, by the administering VEs according to instructions from the coordinating VEC. 8. Section 97.509 is amended by removing paragraph (g), redesignating paragraphs (h)-(m) as paragraphs (g)-(l) respectively, and revising paragraph (f) to read as follows: § 97.509 Administering VE requirements. * * * * * (f) No examination that has been compromised shall be administered to any examinee. The same question set may not be re-administered to the same examinee. * * *APPENDIX B List of commenters A. J. Waters III A Paul Miner, N7JTL Robert Patzlaff Aaron Bentley Aaron O'Donnell Acevedo Eladio, WP3MW Adair Deon Winter Adam Dickinson, KE7DXP Adam Glickman Adam M. Farson Adam Tarpley Adin Miller Adolf Burggraff A.J. Bernardi Akin Brill Alan Adler Alan C. Marshall Alan D. Hatfield Alan Darling Alan G. Corey Alan Huff Alan Knabe Alan L. Waller, K3TKJ Alan L. Anderson Alan Lefor Alan M. Christman Alan M. Maslin, N3EA Alan Moffet Alan Rabin Alan T. Whatley Alan W. Dye Alan Wolfe Alanna Adler Conder K4AAC Albert F. Moreschi II Albert H. Kirchner, III Albert J. Ernest Albert J. Schramm, W3MIV Albert J. Silver Albert L. Sinopoli, P.E. Albert O. Ewing Albert T. Lenny Alcangel Viera, KB2NNF Alejandro Hernandez Alex Calabrese Alex V. Flinsch, AB2RC Alexander Berger Alexander G. Carver Alexander Krauska Alfred LaPeter, Jr. Alice G. Burroughs Allan Avnet Allan E. Hobron Allan F. Lindner Allan J. DeBlasio Allan Kruger Allan L. Eckman Allan R. Pelletier Allan W. Russell Allan Young Allen Bare Jr Allen J. Zimmerman, K3WGR Allen Kenny Allen Moulder, KQ6IY Allen R. Watkins Allen Walker Almon C. Turner Alt Robert Jr. Alton Churchill Alton E. McConnell III, NU8L Alton Higgins Alun L. Palmer, N3KIP Alvie B. Stiefer, KD5NHY Alvin Eugene Dionizio Alvin G. Alexander Alvin Riesbeck American Radio Relay League Amir Findling Andre' Munoz Andre Robatino, KS1W Andrea Cook Andrew C. Austin Andrew Crouthamel Andrew Jay Nabholz Andrew Kayton Andrew Lokken Andrew McGinley Andrew Pepper Andrew R. Ellis Andrew Rosengarten Andrew Schmidt Andrew Theismann Andrew W. Bonnot Andrew W. Hampton Andrey Endri Stoev Andy Dlinn, WA2FFY Angel L. Rodriguez, KE4THL Anne Fanelli Anne Greer Anthony B. Van Hesteren Anthony C. Cash Anthony Cinelli Anthony F. Japha Anthony Good. K3NG Anthony J. Brignole III Anthony J. Cioffi Anthony J. Oresteen Anthony J. Ruffini Anthony M. Doriguzzi Anthony Phoenix Anthony R. Gargano Anthony York Anthony Zambino Archie Hamm Archie R. Willis Arjan Bok Armin F. Doneis, Jr. Armond Noble Arthur A. Ellis Arthur Craigmill Arthur J. Roberts Arthur L. Weiss Arthur Lekstutis Arthur R. Lewis Arthur S. Gillespie,Jr., K4TP Arthur T. Nickel, K0ART Arthur T. Staniec Arthur Wolfman Arvid M. Monson Ashley Geelan Aubrey H. Saxe Audie L. Kennedy August J Miller, KD7VRU Avery J. Wright, KD4GBA Boylin Peter Treml, K8PT B. Rech B. Scott Andersen Barbara Flanagan Barbara Jackson Barbara L. Nixon, KB3LDM Barbara Lee Steward Barbara Levow Barbara Olson-Arenz Barclay J. Tullis Barrie Arnett, N7ATC Barrie D. Shepherd Barron A. Moreland III Barry Bettman Barry David Stamper Barry E. Butz, N8PPF Barry E. Lewis Barry Hiddema Barry N. Kutner, M.D. Barry P. Rummel Barry Parker Barry S. Newberger Barry Selk Bart Hamilton Beau Lundmark Bela W. Lindenfeld Ben Cook Ben F. Worrell Ben G. Nichols III Ben Hasse Ben Johnson Benedict Nardi Benjamin E. Manley Benjamin Franske Benjamin S. Gelb Benson J. Owens, K5KV Benson Scott M.D., AE5V Benson Wills Bernard Basel Bernard Fineberg Bernard K. Skoch Bernie Wimmers Bertus Weijers Betty A. Ballard Beverly Hoff Bill E. Barry Bill Green Bill Rowan Bill Sohl, K2UNK Bill Vargas Bill Walch Bill Houston Billy R. Fuller Billy E. Whitehead Jr Billy R. Jones Bindy Boylin Blaine Nay Blane Wilson Bob Adams Bob Kruppa Bob Mann Bob Martin Bob McLaughlin, KE7DEN Bob Richardson Bob Smith Bobby Atkinson Bonnie A. Brown Bonnie Crystal Boyd F. Bilger Boykin M. Roseborough Brad Anderson Brad Brazil Brad J. Penn Brad Sauter Brad Smith, WA5PSA Bradford G. Luce, KI4JGL Bradford L. Denison Bradford McKirryher Bradford Whiting Bradley Farrell Bradley J. Taylor Bradley R. Jones Brandon S. Jones Brandon White Bren Doreck Brendan W. Bellamy Brennan T. Price Brent Crier Brent Rygh Brett Miller Brian Beaudine, KE5FXP Brian Bird, NX0X Brian Burke Brian Carling Brian Cater Brian Clark Brian Coyne Brian Crum Brian D. Hechel Brian D. Shoemaker Brian Dall Brian Edward Murray Brian Erwin, KC9FAV Brian Harris Brian John Baden Brian Jones, KD4UYP Brian K. Walker Brian K. Jones Brian Keahl Brian L. Umbrell Brian Line Brian Litzenberger, N0PMZ Brian M. Mulder Brian M. Davis Brian Maynard Brian Palmer Ness Brian Roberts Brian Sullivan Briggs Longbothum Brion C. Gilbert Brock Thomsen Bruce M. Sheldon Bruce A. Grabhorn Bruce A. Shartzer Sr. Bruce Broder Bruce C. Reavis Bruce C. Thompson Bruce D. Lee KC0TDZ Bruce E. Krell Bruce Mackey Bruce Manning Bruce Marton Bruce Meier Bruce N. Liddel Bruce Payne KD7MHP Bruce Prothe Bruce R. Wozniak Bruce S. Graham Jr., KC2OGT Bruce Vernon Wood Bruce W. Ellinger Bryan Johns, K4GDW Bryan King Buddy R. Nighswonger Buddy Walker Burnell D. Hanson, KA0GX Burnie Joe Dunn Burt Rooke Burt Wizeman Byron L. Schmidt Byron Stoeser C. Mills D. Williams Jr. C. Dunn C. Gaylen Gage C. Mark Tyler C. Martin Rose C. Olheiser, II Caitlyn M. Martin Caleb Squires Calvin Groce, N4AAD Calvin White Cameron C.R. Bailey Candice G. Bradley Carl Costa Carl D. Avers Carl Dwaine Cannon Carl Horn, WL7BDO Carl L. Morgan Carl Nelson Carl Piojda Carl Pommerening Carl Rod Carl Strode Carl Young Carleton Ingerson Carlos J. Martinez Carlos Portela Carlos Quinones Carma B Wallace Carmine Sisto Scappaticci Carnita McKeithen Caroline M. Ballard Carroll Kent Casey Raskob, Esq. Catherine Hage Catherine Jones Catherine Rech, KC0VET Cathy Lynn Stanfill Chad Cochran Chad Michael Rust Charles A. Montoya Charles B. Girt Charles B. Small Charles Belavitz Charles Bess Charles C. Milton Charles Cameron Hedrick Charles Carter Charles Croley Charles D. Barton Charles D. Brabham Charles D. Singleton Charles D. Summers, W4DON Charles De Poalo Charles DiLuglio, Esquire Charles Durell Bouldin Jr. Charles E Dodson Jr. Charles Easley Charles F. Wegener Charles G. Carter Charles H. Bowen, KB1KHD Charles H. Dunlap, Jr. Charles H. Ferguson Charles H. Swim Charles Haberman Charles Hanebuth Charles Hardy Charles Howell Charles I. Gehring Charles I. Jones Charles J. Dietzel Charles J. Guenther, Jr. Charles Johnson Charles Kiddwell Charles L Cooper jr. Charles L Hamilton, LTC Charles L. Kimtantas Charles L. Young Charles Lee Smith Charles Liberto Charles Nagel Charles Plunk Charles R. Meola Charles R. Thompson III Charles R. Flanagan Charles R. Olson Charles S. Fullgraf Charles S. Spafford Charles Schenck Charles Sekafetz Charles T. Rauch Charles T. Roberts Charles W. Maxwell, Jr. Charles W. Russell Charles Wackerman Charles Wasko Charles Wooten, NF4A Charles Wyatt Charles Young, AG4YO Charlie Hoy Charlie Jarman, W4TCJ Charlotte Jockisch Chasity Sharp Chato Sanchez Chester T. Alderman Chet Bruzewski Chet Jensen Chip Diamond Chris Bradshaw Chris Ebert Chris Holmes Chris Irwin Chris J. Smith Chris Jeffers Chris Mason Chris Mekelburg Chris Tallerico Chris Terpstra, K9RMA Chris Underwood, K7UND Chris W. Steward Christian K Ainsley Christian Reynolds Christine Walker Christopher A. Spacone Christopher B. Hays Christopher B. Lee Christopher C. Corley, KI4JPG Christopher Danis Christopher E. Martinka Christopher Glaves Christopher Hann Christopher J Galbraith Christopher J. Hicks, KC8KVA Christopher J. Whitley Christopher Kantarjiev Christopher Kent Christopher Kupiec Christopher M. Meier Christopher Mingrone Christopher Morrow Christopher P. Murphy Christopher P. Wendling Christopher Porter Christopher Rausch Christopher Salinas Christopher A. Cornwell Chuck Houlihan City College of San Francisco CJ Crosby, K4RAF Clara M. Lyons Clarence Maise Clark Martin, Ph.D. Clark R. Mankin Clarron G. Buzzell Jr. Claude A. Slomczewski, N2CAS Claude R. Beard Clay Porlier Clay Redden Clayton M. Dungey Clement King Heberle III Cliff Duvall Cliff Segar Clifford B. Faulkner Clifford B. Jordan Clifford H. Segar Clifford L. Hazen Clifford M. Broughton Clifton Doane Clifton K. Inabinet, Jr. Clinton Spaar III Clyde Deitz Clyde Dobson Clyde F. Gilmore Jr. Colin Crook Colin H. Wheatley Colin Jenkins Colin K. Phoon Colin Phoon Collin Brendemuehl Collin Collier Condie Taylor Connie L. Butz, KC8DLG Cortland E. Richmond Cotter W. Sayre Courtney B. Duncan, N5BF CQ Communications, Inc. Craig Atkins Craig Buchanan Craig D. Kollai Craig J. Scherer Craig K. Wilkes Craig M. Kingstom Craig Rairdin Craig Sharrow Craig Wm. Vagell, WR2G Cris D. McBride, M.D. Curt A. Cochran, WA4KSO Curtis J. Robison Curtis Lee Parrish Curtis Milton Curtis W. Jennings Cyril H. Halbach Cyrus B. Rowe Cyrus Turner D. Stussy, KD6LVW D.E. Dallmann D.A.C. Crowell Dale Bennett Dale C. Lathrop Dale F. Janes Dale Keener Dale Mosby Dale Pfaffle Dale Van Asdall Dale W. Kirk Sr. Dale Wagner Dalen Kruse Dallas Anderkin, KC0SZK Damon Morris Dan Clark Dan Moline Dan Pueppke Dan Schulin Dan Sears Dan Starkenburg Dan Tredwell Dan Trigona Dan Trigona Dan Tucker Dan Vanevenhoven Dan Walz Dan Withers Dana D. Dyer Dana H. Myers Dana Jeffries Dana Luke Daniel A. Coner Daniel B. Kennedy, Jr. Daniel C. Dresser Daniel E Wade Jr. Daniel F. Janda, Jr. Daniel Farren Daniel Guyor Daniel J. Steele Daniel J. Califf Daniel Johnson Daniel L. Mullins Daniel L. Jeswald Daniel L. Rounda Daniel L. Walz Daniel Leahr Daniel M. Reynolds Daniel M. Wietchy Daniel Mattingly, N0FQN Daniel McNally Daniel Olewine Daniel Oswald Daniel Potter Daniel Pruitt Daniel R Scott Daniel R. Baugh, KE7FEV Daniel R. Dorsey, Jr. Daniel R. Quintiliani Daniel S. Freeman Daniel S. Levine Daniel Sedej Daniel Sekerak Daniel V. Wolff, Jr., KA7AGN Daniel Wade Jr., N3WRH Danny Costa Danny G. Jockisch Danny Hofmeyer Danny Mullins Danny Richards Darin Cy Gacuzana, NT4XT Darin Watrous, KE7BBF Darrell C Curtis Darrell G. Snow Darrell Graham Darrell W. Deel Darren Sheremeta Darryl G. Lindberg Darryl J. Kelly Darryl Ponder Daryl Bennett, KD8BNY Daryl Moser Dave Allen Dave Metzger, K8GVK Dave W. Johnson David A. Depew, KF6TPQ David A. Lunsford David A. McCarthy David A. Wagner David A. Baysinger David A. Begue David A. Behar David A. Berry, KB1EBE David A. Hasty David A. Letterman David A. Reidland David A. Splitt David Adam Lawler David Allen Taylor David Avakian David B. Perrin David B. Rowe David B. Smith David Bates David Beal David C. Bachus David C. Hallam David C. Sanders David C. Varner David Clark Flack David Coursey David Crow David Crusan David D. Lee David D. Meacham, W6EMD David Dale White David Doll David Drummond, W4MD David Dula David E. Heil David Kleeberg David E. Lucas David E. Rudd David Fenderson David Fisk David Fuller, K4DMF David G. Brink David G. Umbaugh David G. Wilkie David Gallego David Glenn David Gowin David Greer David H. Hamley David H. Hersh, K3LKN David H. Stanley David H. Walker David Haigh David Hargrave David Hoad David Hochfelder David Holm David Homan David Huber David Hurd David Hutcherson David J. Blum, KF4GTJ David J. Duffey David J. Lank David J. Ring, Jr. David Jorde David K. White David Keith Carter David Kern David Kidd David Knight David L. Williamson David L .Wright David L. Carlson David L. Meadows David L. Mollus David L. Stinson, AB5S David Lay, KD8BMT David Logan Fuseler David Love David Luken David M. Aronovitz David M. Baldwin David M. Carney David M. Clark David M. Colburn, KD4E David M. Drumheller David M. Kaye David M. Koester David M. Leininger David M. Moseley David M. Rogovitz David Marchant David Mark Ledford David Mark Samsell David McAnally David McInnis David Merser David Michael Thaxton David Milburn David Mitchell David Naatz David P. Schutlz David Papas David Perata David Porter Johnson, M.D. David R. Fuller David R. Reynolds David R. Clouser David R. Gagnon David R. Jones, Jr. David R. Kanitra David R. Michel David R. Richardson David R. Metz David Reidland David S. Dostie David S. Markowitz David Samsell David Sanford David Schlicher David Scroggins David Simons David Stanley Vigne David Stewart David Sulltrop David T. Conley David Tibbdo David Tisdale David Van Der Weele, WA3L David W Luby David W. Freese David W. Perham David W. Rudd David West, WU3J David Williams David Yates Dawn M. Cecil Dean Calvin Dean Crow Dean Gibson, AE7Q Dean Larson Dean Quackenbush Dean Sonneborn Deana M. Newby Deborah Hunter Deborah Maria Sanders Dee Wayne Williamson Del Harper Demos Doulou, KR4US Denise Burstein Dennis A. Silage Dennis Barker Dennis Daniel Dennis E. Blair Dennis E. Jones Dennis E. LaPierre Dennis F Ledford Dennis Franklin K6DF Dennis G. Eksten, W9SS Dennis G. Sarver Dennis Gittens Dennis Herman Dignen Dennis J. Ponsness Dennis L. Haight Jr Dennis M. Barrett Dennis Major Dennis Mangrobang Dennis N. Rosas Dennis Powell, N9WAG Dennis Raymond Zabawa Dennis San Miguel Dennis Stevens Dennis Thompson Dennis Young Denyse Walter Derek Kaser Derril Conrad Smith Derwood Sink Puckett Dewey Wyatt Dexter Anderson, W4KM Dick Geordan Dick Kenney Dirk D. Anderson KG6QNK Dirk Esterline Dixie Coutant Dolores Coppola Don W. Hammond Don B. Cook Don Bruce DeCaria Don Calbick Don Carver Don F. McGrath Don Forshaw Don M. Watson Don Silva Donald A. Karvonen, K8MFO Donald A. Michalek Donald Ahlskog Donald Ashurst Donald B Walter, W7NG Donald B. Chester Donald C. Lama Donald D. Devins, Jr. Donald Drew Robinson Donald E. Michel Donald F. Anderson Donald G. Skidmore Donald Hay Donald J. Alter Donald J. Backys Donald J. Sinex Donald J. Ware Donald Jerome Schreck Donald K. Patterson Donald Kemp Donald Kirby Donald Kirstine Donald Kramer Donald L. Loose Donald L. Vickers Donald L. Collinson, K2DC Donald L. McClure Donald L. Smith Donald L. Stringfellow Donald Price Donald R. Finch, KO4PD Donald R. McCall Donald R. Bozarth Donald R. DeLeon Donald R. Wankel, Jr. Donald Russell Donald S. Morris Jr. Donald S. Kirk Donald Schaefer, W5PXO Donald Schichler Donald T. Brown Donald Verner Bodeen Donald W. DeJarnette Donald W. Douglas Donald W. Kelly, K5UOS Donald W. Thomas Donald Young Donn K. Keever, WA9TVS Donn K. Mendricks, KD8CDG Donn L. Fether, KC8DMH Donn P. Hornberger Donna Seibold Donna Seltzer Donna Sue Mercure Donna T. Almond Donnie C. Fort Doran S. Platt III Dorothea A. Anton Dorothy Louise Jubon Dorrain Sawyer Doug Flory Doug Freeman Doug Hansel Doug Huchteman Doug Lodge Doug Muir Doug Schumpert Doug Vernier Doug Younker Douglas A. Poppa Douglas A. Bennett Douglas Aldrich Douglas C. Diederichs Douglas C. Rathman Douglas Durrett Douglas E. White Douglas G. Birky Douglas G. Gehring, WA2NPD Douglas J. Held Douglas L. Lockett Douglas Losty Douglas M. Casamer, W8DMC Douglas M. Crandall Douglas M. Ream, AB5FG Douglas Noble, WA3VKW Douglas Pracko Douglas R. Dickinson Douglas S. Hilton, AG4FL Doyle B Ross Doyle E. Wilcox Jr. Duane Anderson, NA3VY Duane Budd, W5BEN Duane K. Larson Duane L. Seibold Duane Ridenour Duane Whittingham Dustin M. Williams Dwayne J. Sparks Dwayne J. Sparks, AK4P Dwayne Sparks Dwayne Terry Dwight D. Weidman Dwight Hamilton Dwight W. Smith Dyana Fox David Reitzel H. Lloyd E.C. Veregge E.M. Henson Earl Paazig Earl Decker Earl Ford Earl R. Hutchison Earl S. Gosnell III Ed Griffith Ed Lossing Ed Phelps Ed Thompson Ed Tyler Ed Witonski Eddy H Moore, KB5SZO Edgardo Flores Edgardo J. Ralat, Jr. Edmund Smith Edward A. Cienki Edward A. Rainsberger Edward Browder Edward C. Norris Edward E. Buck Edward F. Morris Edward F. Williamson Edward F. Bullard Edward Franks, KE5CAX Edward G. Piele Edward H. Linch III Edward J Caffray Edward J Sprole Edward J. Gansen Edward J. Jarmolowicz Edward L. Kirkpatrick Edward Louis Cope Edward M. Briggs Edward M. Wise Edward Milcarsky Edward P. Lapinski Edward V. Kirkley Edward V. Hobbs Edwin L. Johnson Edwin L. Robinette Efstratios Imvriotis, KE5DCI Egbert C. Craig, Jr., WA2SI Elaine Eppick Elaine Howard Elbert C. Pack Eldon A. Reeves Eleanor Virginia Flack Elijah Figueroa Elise Caffray, KB2TGZ Ellis C. Foley Jr Elmore N. Scott, Jr. Elwin Liske Emery Wooten Emil Strunk Emily Sarah Lineback Enrico M. Bernardi, K1UUG Eric Bjorkquist Eric C. Swansen Eric Chambers Eric Gildersleeve Eric Hilbert Eric J. Christianson Eric James Goforth Eric Kaup Eric L. Moore Eric M. Hughes Eric M. Gildersleeve Eric Moeller, KC5FOG Eric Norvell Eric P, Thompson Eric R. Wolfe Eric S. Heistand Eric W. Stover Eric Ward Erich Franz Stocker Erik VanRenselaar Ernest D. Brown Ernest Howard Ernest N. Brown Ernest V. Murphy III Ethan M. Rush Ethell Logan Eugene E. Savelli Eugene Pentecost Eugene R. Cummings Evan Anderson Evan P. Rolek Evelyn Courtney Everett Gaussion Everett H. Davis Jr. Evert L. Hastie III, KC0FUE Ewan Moore B. McWilliams Faye A. Bernardi Fernando E. Vidal Floy Leon Perrett, Jr. Floyd A. Vann Floyd Bumpus Floyd Clifford Fox Floyd Soo Francis C. Riley, Jr. Francis J Drake, Jr. Francis Kennard Dill Jr. Francis M. Sauciunas Francis M. Walsh Francis W. D. Steimel, KE4TTA Francisco A. Diaz-Gonzalez Francisco Celedon Frank Brewer, KA0GGI Frank C. Kollins Frank Daniel Collins Frank J. Krizan, KR1ZAN Frank N. Musso Frank N. Smoyer Frank O. Long Frank Pattillo Frank Peppe Frank R. Lombardi Frank S. Mayer Frank Videnich Frank W. Napurano Frank W. Thrash Franklin D. Shears Franklin E. McNally Franklin W. Keeney, IV Fred Barry Wheeler Fred Bennett, KD8BNZ Fred C. Richards II Fred Dayton Fred Federlein Fred Hambrecht Fred Horton Fred J. Fuhrer Fred K. Klein Fred Marengo, KI4KQO Fred Pfeiffer Fred Stuart Fred W. Becker Fred W. Hawkins Fred Wagner Freddie Herndon Jr. Freddie Herndon Sr. Frederic C. Leiner Frederick C. von Gortler IV Frederick J. St. John Frederick K. Hoefler Frederick M. Mott Frederick M. Spinner Frederick Tower Frederick V. Adsit Frederick W. Holt Frederick Ziel Fritz H. Woeller Bryson Lewis Kwitka L. Milner G. Scott Davis G. Warren Coleman Ganiel G. May Garry L. Rife Garry R. Shapiro Gary A. Martek Gary D. Nixon Gary Davis Gary E. Barrett Gary E. McClellan Gary F. Grant Gary F. Hooper Gary Fryer Gary Fuchikami Gary G. Altman Gary G. Nelson Gary Gail Gary Hamilton Gary Hoops Gary Irwin Sklar Gary J. DiClemente Gary J. Sharbuno, WI9M Gary Jones Gary Kauffman Gary Ketterman Gary Knight Gary Kohtala Gary L Calvert Gary L Smith Gary L. Stratton, Sr. Gary L. Swelander Gary Lippert Gary M. Bode, Jr. Gary M. Garrett Gary McMeins Gary Michael Withington Gary Pearce, KN4AQ Gary Q. Hallman Gary Ramon Gary Soukup Gary Venturelli Gary W Johnson Gary W. Overton Gary Wilson Gavin Alexander Groce Gene A. Nailon Gene Baker Gene Diveglia Gene McCalmont Gene Wallace George A Marsh Jr. George A. Hoffman George A. Kerrick George Angel George Averill George C. Mullins, KC8QWW George D. Ballentine George Davis George E. Jones George E. Keller George F. Ayala George F. Allgood George Girod George H. Stimpson George Hadley George Helser George Hopkins George J. Diering III George J. Jett George J. McCouch George Karaberis George LaBelle George M. Combs George Maag, N9SMN George O. Martin Jr. George Oberg George R. Fagan George R. Schuchman George R. Thurner George R. Whitenight, Jr. George Robert Steding George S. Sherfick George S. Harlem George Staudacher George W. Kutcher, Jr. George W. Lee George W. Oberg George William Lindquist, Jr. Gerald Celmer Gerald Duane Payton Gerald Foster, KB1IYC Gerald G. Reedg Gerald Gaule Gerald J. Coleman Gerald J. Jurrens Gerald R. Colvin Gerald Ranger Gerald Sharp KD0GS Gerald Wicklund Geraldine N. Pond Gerard F. Foisy, KD1RM Gil Woodside Gilbert S. Edwards Gilliam T. Lineberry Giovanni Portelli Girard G. Henne Glen A. Mackie Glen E. Hazen Glen E. Zook Glen L Akins III Glen R. Garrity Sr., KB1DNI Glendal Floyd Glenn Breaux Glenn Brumit Glenn Gifford Glenn J. Lester Glenn Jones Glenn K. Helwig Glenn Pourteau Glenn S. Gardner, K9ALT Glenn Stewart, N7NRA Gordon Baillie Gordon Bello, K1GB Gordon Denno, AH6DA Gordon F. Blaney Gordon Hennon Gordon J. Grove Gordon J. Jones Gordon O. Moe Gordon R. Smith Gordon V. West Gordon Walker Grady E. McCright Graf Buckenmaier Grant E. Kemp Grant Willner Greg Bramlett Greg Deczkowski Greg Johnson Greg Knapp Greg Lowry Greg M. Scheff Greg Molyneaux Greg Prewitt Greg Rokisky,WR7C Greg Siemasz Gregg C. Mulder Gregg Wonderly Gregory Black Gregory C. DeChant Gregory C. Rogan Gregory G. Foster Gregory Hammerel Gregory Harris Gregory J. Beat Gregory J. Curti Sr Gregory J. Harris Gregory L. Smith Gregory Richards Gregory S. Merth Gregory T. Douds Guenther H. Hennig, KF4WFA Guy D. Cusumano, KO2U Guy Greg Hovland Guy H. Barnhart Guy J. Shields A. Jefcoat Allen Robbins Hal G. Hazel Hannu Ollkkala Hans Brakob, K0HB Hans Gallude Harilaos Volikas Harold Cole Jr. Harold F Wintcher WAORGG Harold F. Burchards Harold F. Wintcher, Jr Harold H. Frank Harold L. Rhinehart Harold L. Snyder, Jr Harold Naramore Harold Ort Harold Ritz Harold S Croyts Harold Wayne Kyle Harry Steger Harry Antenucci Harry Eugene Smith Harry G. McGavran, Jr. Harry Lindholm Harry Martin Harry Morgan Harry S. Nordman Harry W. Andrews Harvey A. Hill, Jr. Harvey B. Zilm Harvey E. Smith Harvey Headley Harvey Nelson Hayes Robert L. Hazel Shiver Heather Kline Hector E. Perez Henry N. Wixon Henry R. Mackey Henry Schweizer Henry Thompson Henry W. Foglesong Henry Wyatt Herb Blair Herb Gerhardt, KB7UVC Herbert B. Copes Herbert Goodman Herbert H. Atwood Herbert J. Ulrich, Jr., K2VH Herbert T. Schrader Herman Campbell Herman J. Harrell Hilary F. Johnson Hollis Thigpen Holmes, Peter J. Hope Francisco Howard Edwards Howard F. Marquette III Howard F. Holden, WB2AWQ Howard Frailey, N4HLF Howard G. Roland Howard P. Gould Howard R. Dutcher Howard Reed Clayton, Jr. Howard S. White Howard W. Pepper, Jr., AC4FS Hubert G. Farr Huel L. Young Hugh Allen Scott, Jr. Hugh Armstrong Hugh B. O'Donnell, W3FUO Hugh Fisher Ian M Hoffman Ignacy J. Justyna Ira L. Bray Ira B. Rothenhoefer Ira Dorfsman Ira Wexler Irca Cochran Irene Kubica Irvin LeBlanc Irwin Shapiro Isidoro Flores Jr Ivan James Aeschliman, W7WJM C. Bienvenu Daniel Conroy L. Smith T. Burik J. Bruce Prior, PhD., N7RR J. D. Heil J. David Cook J. David Killingsworth J. Michael Freeman J. R. Fitch J. Steven Cochrane J.B. Edmonds J.D. Brown J.G. Hilty J.R. Laughlin J.R. Laughlin Jack B. Friend Jack Daane Jack E. West, W7LD Jack Hudson, K2LNX Jack K. Neal Jack L. Berry Jack L. Weber Jack M. Dipolito Jack R. Bitzer Jack R. Leverich Jack Thomas Wilson Jack W. Markum Jack W. Winter Jackie LaVaque Jackson A. Beard Jackson Murray Neece Jaclyn L. Price Jaime E. Vega Jaimie Blackstone, P.E., KG4YUU James A. Buscemi James A. Denneny Jr James A. Scarlett James A. Bassett James A. Kvochick James A. Pond James A. Rounds, K9WA James Allen Buckner James Backus James Barr James Beckett James Boyer, KD8YX James Bromley James Brown James Burton Wilcox James Buttler James C. Flynn Jr. James C. Still James C. Tuggle, KC0NYK James C. Wiskow James Carvalho James Clarke James Curtis Bradshaw James Custer James D. Harris James D. Harrison, KG4PBI James D. Bradley, Jr. James D. Duffer James D. Isham James D. Jorgensen James D. Milam James D. Norris James D. Rogers James D. Townley James D. Walker, Jr. James David Harris, W9GRN James Deane James Doran James Dow, N8KSL James E. Bond James E. Cook James E. Greenhaw James E. Jor James E. Billings James E. Davis James E. Hamann James E. Smith, II James E. Walsh, K9ARO James Edward Pryor James Edwin Whedbee, M.Ed. James Eller James F. Bishop James F. Walroth, MD James Ferenz Jr James Fisher James Garner James Griffin James Griggs, W7MCO James Groce James H. Williams James H. Cason James Harper James Hayes James Hong James K. Boomer James K. Jones James Keith White James Kennedy, W5SSG James Kilian James L. Murray James L. Skupien James L. Albrinck James L. Anderson James L. Hill James Kennedy James L. Mason, W4RCX James L. Reynolds James L. Stuart James Lanigan James Lanigan WA3ERQ James Leone James Lovell James M. Goldenberg James M. Huffaker N0PKH James M. Perryman James M. Surprenant James M. Sutkoff James Marty Shelton James N. Falls JAMES NUNLEY James O. Rice James O. Nipper James O'Brien James P. McNamara James P. Gillespie James P. Hamilton, W8BZY James P. Hedgcoth James P. Hidalgo James P. Miccolis James Pastorfield James Phillips James R. Cunningham K0JRC James R. Manery James R. Parker James R. Geisinger James R. Gish James R. Harvey James R. Humphries James R. Manery James R. Mooney James R. Poole, K4VBH James R. Stutesman James Reasland James Rospopo James S. Rasmussen James S. Simeone James Seeber James Seifert James Sereda James Sikorski Jr. James Sleeman James Stalzer James T. Hanlon James T. Viele James Tittsler James V. Staples James V. Houser James W. Andrews James W. Chaffin James W. Jennings James W. Kassel James W. Lumley James W. Forrester James W. Kelley James W. Lampman James W. Mitchell James Wades James Wiles James William Blythe James Wissick Jan A. Blair Jan H. Clute, N0AAA Jan Smoller Jane Ann Evans Jane Tymko Jason Baker Jason Brantley Jason C W Steele Jason Goesch Jason Hsu, AA0II Jason M Benson Jason M. Peterson Jason Murphree Jason R. Allery Jason R. Bunty Jason T. Holland Jason Vierik Jason W. Springstead, KD7WAX Jay Lyle Home Jay S. Gutknecht Jay Schwisow Jay Townsend Jayson A. Quilantan J.D. Sheek Jean W. Swann Jeem E. Newland Jeff Bauder, N3JBH Jeff Beiermann Jeff Bolen Jeff D. Payne Jeff Daugherty Jeff Folk Jeff Kane Jeff Maxwell Jeff Zappitello Jeff Ziroli Jeffery A. Walter Jeffery H. Moore Jeffery Lowry Jeffrey A. Cain Jeffrey A. Frank Jeffrey Brown Jeffrey Eugene Roush Jeffrey Geiger Jeffrey K. Parker Jeffrey Kelly Koger Jeffrey L. Bauder Jeffrey L. Butz Jeffrey Levine Jeffrey Lynn Bible, K4MFD Jeffrey P. Miller Jeffrey R. Folk Jeffrey S. Mumma Jeffrey W. Griffin Jeffrey Waters Jeffry Milburne Jennifer Collins Jennings H. Cox Jere A. Houser Jeremy Preece Jeremy Williams, KC9CNI Jerome Dorsky Jerome Keller Jerome Palmer Jerry A. Jordan, KD4PJO Jerry Abrams Jerry Baumeister Jerry Boyd Jerry Bursztyn Jerry C. Wilson Jerry Calvin Wilson Jerry Conover Jerry D. Stewart Jerry Dale Wallace Jerry Day Jerry Eastman Jerry Gault Jerry L Parsons Jerry Lee Sanders Jerry Lee Wallace Jerry M. Turner Sr. Jerry Mills, W4RBE Jerry W. Allison Jess E. Materne Jesse E. Rutherford Jesse T. Franklin, K9GO Jessie Justice Jim Culligan Jim Donaldson Jim Dunbar Jim Garrett Jim Garrison Jim Hefferon Jim Jacobs Jim Jenco Jim Kehn Jim Monahan, K1PX Jim Ralston Jim Schropp Jim Swaters Jim Wallgren Jim Weir Jim Winney Jimmy D. McGinnis Jimmy Don Starnes Jimmy L. Miller Jimmy Turner Jiro Oi Jo Ann K. Seltzer Joanne Kidwell Joaquin Curate Jody Bergman Jody P. Bergman Joe Alvin Joe B. Ford Joe Brownell Joe Chaykowsky Joe Consolo Joe E Hampton Joe Eady Joe Hannigan Joe Kennedy Joe Kowalski Joe M. Word Joe Mallon Joe Martin / KM5CW Joe Sloss Joe Smith Joe W. Johnson Joe White Joel Green Joel Papke Joel R. Miller Joel R. Stanley Joel Touchet Joel Ware, IV Joey G. Hailey Joey Graham John C. Petty John Damiano John Pottier John Wallack John A. King John A. Pettinelli John A. Reynolds John A. Amos John A. Bredesen, Sr. John A. Donaldson John A. Etling John A. Pawlicki John A. Sheffield John Adams John Altman John Amos Ficke John Atkinson John Austin John B. Johnston John B. Rotondi John Belfore John Birkett John Blackburn, WR8D John Blimke, KC9GSW John Bradley John C Barnwell II John C. Parker John C. Playford John C. Shidler John C. Trice John Canady John Ceccherelli John Combs John Cowan John D. Alexander, Jr., W5VMY John D. Conroy John D. Hoskinson John D. Kasupski John D. Oscar, AE9DX John Daniel Otnes, KG4IMD John D'Errico John Des Jardins John Dewey John E. Taylor John E. McCaughrean John E. Pugh John E. Schnupp John Ellis John Eric Grumling John F. Dougherty John F. Kraus II John F. Markham Jr. John F. O'Neal, Jr. John Fisk John Fontaine N2NH John Francis Fleming John Frank John Gasal John Germanos John Getz John Gianotti John Glowacki John Goold John Grant John Grimm John Gustav Delly John H. Schrader, W1JHS John H. Way John H. Ault John H. Bauer John H. Gordon John H. Hotchkiss John H. Unrath John Hack John I. Harris John Iacono John Inman John J. Doughty Jr. John J. Clark, Jr John J. Blair, N2MMM John J. Pineau, W1LXA John J. Smolenski John J. Trainor John Janssen John Johnston John K. Helmbold John Kuntz John L. Arnold John L. Cheek, Jr. John L. Helfer, WB2KGD John L. Murphy III John L. Occolowitz John L. Roth John l. Smith John L. Stenroth John Laird John Layman John Lederer John Leediker John Leeds John M. Field John M. Paterson Jr. John M. Bradley John M. Critz John M. Marks John M. West John Malenchik John Martin John Mattesini John Mauger III John McCormick John McQueed John Michael March John Mihalko John Miller John Musick Hunt, Jr. John Nicholas Brow John Nisbet John Noss John O'Keefe John OToole John P. Cunningham John P. Fullingim John P. Sagi John Pane John Peter Callaghan John Peter Callaghan John Pfeifer John Pottier John R. Bingham John R. Holmes John R. Marshall John R. Martinelli John R. Sheets John R. Sproat, Jr., W4JS John Reilly John Roe John Roellig, NX8B John S. Burningham,W2XAB John S. Litton John S. Morahn, N9WQR John S. Rippey, W3ULS John S. Slater John Shea John Siegel John Smith John Snowden, KC8SXE John Sosa-Trustham John Starr John Steven Drager John Steven Knittel John Sweeney John Swicord John T. King John Terry John Veillon John W. Benedict John W. Cartinhour John W. Gregson John W. Hughes John W. McCall John W. Olsen John W. Schanlaub John W. Shean, N9TV John W. Thompson, K3MD John W. Tiley Jr. John W. Van Dolah John Weitermann John Wheeler John Whitt JOHNNY J. O'DELL Jon Adams Jon Davis Jon M. Hager Jon M. Lenhert Jon M. Schumacher Jonathan Case Jonathan Craig Wallen Jonathan D. Blake Jonathan Green Jonathan Jewell Jonathan McAloon Jonathan Mitchell Agnew Jonathan R. Baldwin Jonathan Taylor Jonathan Weirmeir Jordan Nash Jorge J. Serralles Jorge M. Arroyo Jorge Sierra Jose L. Santisteban Jr. Jose Rivera Joseph A. Ames Jr Joseph A. Colouch Joseph A. Sun Joseph Bezy Joseph C. Stevens Joseph Chambley Joseph Consolo Joseph Diomar Carvalho Joseph Eisenberg, K0NEB Joseph F. Giacone Joseph H. March Joseph J. Reekie Joseph J Squashic Joseph J. Burgess Joseph J. Register Joseph Juliano Joseph K. Duval Joseph M. Bernardi Joseph M. Ferrara Joseph M. Isabella, N3JI Joseph M. Mallon, KG4MYM Joseph M. Wilson Joseph Mark Harrison Joseph Mustazza Joseph P. Kononchik Joseph P. Pace Joseph R Semer Joseph R. Thomas, Jr. Joseph Raymer Joseph Ronald Lewis Joseph S. Lord,W1PNH Joseph S. Oliver Joseph Schulte Joseph Speroni Joseph Tomasone Joseph W. Hill Joseph W. Jackson Joseph W. Trench Josh Kaufman Joshua A Buchmann Joshua D. Williams, KE7BAV Joshua J. Long Joshua Keller Joshua Osterman, K4JHI Joshua Welsh Josiah Hill Juan M. Leyva, KE5DSR Juan P. Ferrari Juan W. Wilson Judith R. Barrett Judy Bultman Judson L. Ahern Julian Lindsay Sortland Julius B. Chiller Jr. WD8BIL Julius Fazekas Justen T. Diamond Justin A. Williams Justin C. Cox Justin K. Watters, KA5FAP Kane ZuHone, WA2DAX Karen Estes Karen Helms Karen K. Stoker Karen L. G. Russo Karen Oi Karl Ernst Karl F. Larsen Karl H. Geng Karl Knisley Karl M. Rautmann Karl Rautman Karl Sandstrom Karl Sierka Karl W. Bullock, WA5TMC Katherine Wasserman Kay W. Hargis Kayla C. McGraw Kay-Uwe Kasemir, KE5FQY Keith A. Seltzer Keith Borgstrom Keith D. Wentzel Keith DeLong Keith E. Barze Keith Haye, WE0G Keith Highlands Keith LaBorde Keith McIntosh Keith McKenzie Keith McQueen Keith Milburn Keith Vanderlinden Kelly Andrews, KD4EWG Kelly Ward Ken Dorshimer Ken Ledford Ken Mitchell Ken Rogers Ken Visek, W9VF Kendall Kurth Kenn Rothman Kenneth Backlund Kenneth A. Sanders Kenneth A. Jones Kenneth A. Smith Kenneth Allen Howe Kenneth B. Adams, K1KBA Kenneth C Murray, N9BLK Kenneth C. Ace Kenneth Cronyn Kenneth D. and Lucille S. Farr Kenneth D. Johnston Kenneth Davis Kenneth E. Harris Jr. Kenneth E. Love Kenneth E. Stiles Kenneth E. Stringham, Jr Kenneth Edward Neubeck Kenneth F. Winterling, WA2LBI Kenneth G. Knight Kenneth Hanson Kenneth Harrigan Kenneth J. Deruisseau Kenneth J. Halliwell Kenneth J. McCormick III Kenneth L. Gibson Kenneth M. Beck Kenneth P. Dickinson Kenneth P. Eppler Kenneth R. Handschuh Kenneth R. Hunter Kenneth R. Tolliver Kenneth Richard Snyder Kenneth Skinner Kenneth Stovesand Kenneth W. Hoehn Kenneth W. Hurst Kenneth W. Lodge, WA3AUP Kent Andersen Kent E. Gunnison Kent Olson Kenthony Price Kevin Abnett Kevin Angus Kevin Ballard, Jr. Kevin Brian Edwards Kevin D. Balmforth Kevin D. Kesler Kevin Dale Swesey Kevin Duffy Kevin Hulina Kevin J. Strishock Kevin J. Zang, KB3DMY Kevin M. Denman Kevin M. Hurst Kevin M. Pietriyk Kevin O'Dell Kevin Roberts Kevin S. McClain Kevin W. Ballard Kim Bottles, K7IM Kim D. Swesey Kim K Smith Kim Mitchell Kim Robinson Kimball J. Corson King Waters Kirby Hayes K0IC Kris Uebersax Kristofer Arthur Rosenlund Kurt Hill Kyle Fox Ladon Tomlinson Laird Wilcox Lamont W. Wallis Lanelle Turney, KC0RWP Lanny E. Ellis, KØEZ Larry Hasel Larry A. Phillips Larry Ament Larry C. Stokes Larry Davenport, KG4VZY Larry David Davenport Larry Demarkeas Larry E. Larson Larry E.Norris Larry Flanagan LARRY J ALMOND Larry J McNeely Larry J. Marks Larry J. Newby Larry Kapp, WT9M Larry Kent Petty Larry Kirby Larry L. Linkmeyer Larry L. Ryan Larry Lockhart Larry Makoski Larry Maso Larry Myers Larry Neupert Larry Pronier Larry R. Card Larry R. Fravel Larry Randall Hash Larry Robbins Larry Thacker Larry Thibodeaux, KE5ABA Larry W. Karpurk Larry W. Wheeler Larry Wallace Larry Wallnau Larry Webster Lars Carlson Laura Beth Huffine Laura Bingham Laura Lubner Laura Rudin Laurance M. Brungardt Lauren P. McGavran Laurence D. Cohen Laurence H. Andrus Laurence J. Fitzsimons Laurence Menzel Laurence S. Prantner Laurie L. Robert Lawrence A. Tyo III Lawrence Price Lawrence Boettcher Lawrence Cerney Lawrence E. Mergen Lawrence Edward Hoisington Lawrence F. Gasperone, Jr. W2CAM. Lawrence F. Mccartin Lawrence Gross Lawrence H. Posey Lawrence Hanson Lawrence Langley Lawrence Macionski Lawrence Marion Lawrence O. Stevenson Lawrence S. Van Loon Lawrence Scarpa Lawrence Swartz Lawrence T. Harrison, Jr. Lawrence W. Fuhs Lawrence W. Eaton Lawrence W. Stark Le Roy McIntosh Lee A. Hodges, KC8ITI Lee F. Carroll Lee Groce Lee Kemp Lee R. Trousdale Lee R. Wical Lee Roy Sanders, Jr., KI4JUP Lee T. White Lee Verlin Flack, Jr. Lee Verlin Flack, Sr. Leigh L. Klotz, Jr. Leland R. Harrell Lenard T. Hughes Leo Bowman Leo J. Schott Leo Savoian Leon M. Parshook Leonard A. O'Kelly Leonard Greenberg Leonard H. Anderson Leonard H. Corbaley Leonard Jacobs Leonard Pennock Leonard T. Muscato Leonard B. Revelle Leroy Klose III Leroy Ounanian Les Hamilton, W9MGM Leslie T. Jamison, Jr. Lester Ravitz Lester W. Cutlip Lew Lloyd Lewes Amateur Radio Society Lewis D. Whaley Lewis L. Arnold Lewis M. Phelps Linda Lincoln Lindy Patterson Linnaeus Maurer, KE5DMF Linton G. Robertson Lionel Mordecai Lisa Miller Lloyd Colston Lloyd Curry Lloyd Murphy Lloyd S. Westbrook Jr. Lon Lawrence Loren Dale Lamm Lorne W. Gustafson Louie Handberry Louis Bertucci Louis DeAngelo Louis L. Barrett Louis M. Harelik Louis Mallow, AG4OD Lovey S. West, KB7JMW Loyd C. Headrick Lucas Kuntz Luther Gantz Lyle Bickley Lyle H. Nelson Lyle W. Dunlap Lyndon E. Wooten Lynn A. Bianco Lynn F. Laseman Lynn Markley I Lynn Markley II Lynn Wagner Brett Sutherland Dwayne Moffett Philip Salas Wade Davis Madison M. Long Madison E. Arnold Malachi Doane, N2QFD Malcolm E. Mayercik Manfred P. Lauterborn Manuel N. Perez Marc A. Ressler Marc Colton Marc Everett Hall Marc Friesen Marc G. Cote Marc Ressler Marcel D. Bernier Marcelina S. Campbell Marcelo Jorge Franco Marcus Bonn Margaret A. Goodman Marilyn Gardner Marilyn Joy House Marion E. Bell, Jr. Marjorie Willey Mark A. McLauchlin Mark A. Graves Mark A. Tomany, N9WYS Mark Avery Mark Baker. Station KG0PA Mark Brueggemann Mark Budro Mark C. Amos Mark Call Mark Copeletti MARK D ROBERTS Mark D. Fick Mark D. Leberfinger Mark Dauphinais Mark E. Oriano Mark E. Hobson Mark E. Phillips Mark Engebretsen Mark Ewing Mark Florkowski Mark Gilbert Mark Gustoff Mark H. McCormick Mark H. Swann Mark Hardy Mark Higgins Mark Horoda Mark Horowitz Mark Hutchens Mark J Culross, KD5RXT Mark J. Borys Mark K. Mondol Mark Kalik Mark Lindsey Brainard Mark M. Oring Mark Mallett Mark May Mark Oehler Mark Palsha, KI4VB Mark R. Laytos Mark S. Warner Mark Self Mark Sienkiewicz Mark Steven Whittaker Mark Strobel Mark Swicord Mark Viers Mark Wenzel Mark West Marlyn J Zonnefeld Martin C. Admire Martin D. Moore, N4GBX Martin D. Wade Martin Fouts Martin Greene Martin J. Fenik Martin J. Sonnier Martin Sailer Martin W. Jonas Martin W. Reagan Marty Soffran, KGØMT Marty Szumera Marvin Arthur Anderson Marvin S. Searcy Marvin Weber Mary A. Fox Mary Ann Flack Mary J. Graham, KE7EIA Mary M. Kowaluk Mary Milburne Mason E. Sarles Mathas D. House Matt Dennis Matt Wilson, K2MFW Matthew F HARP Matthew Brotherton Matthew Hagberg Matthew Harker Matthew J. Cassarino Matthew Mills KE6MIH Matthew Payne Matthew R. White Matthew V. Runyan Maurice McGleish Maurice V. Beavers Max L. King Max T. Holland Maxwell P. Genaw May Ekas M.C. Morgan Megan Collins Melissa Ann Franklin Melissa Elaine Gacuzana Melissa Peterson Melvin J. Crichton Melvin L. Frost Melvin L. Schneider Melvin Lehmann Meredith Mallard Merle C Bone Merritt W. Olson Merry A. Loew, KE7AGQ Michael Gulla, WA1VTW Michael A. Hopson Michael A. Urich Michael Alan Brown Michael Alan Meador Michael Andrew Jackson Michael Austin Michael B. Gottsacker Michael B. Snyder Michael Bailey Michael Bare Michael Baxter Michael Beath Michael Bentley Michael Bieberle Michael Blake Michael Brezinski Michael Brye, WA8EIP Michael C. Bongiovano Michael C. McCarty, K8WTR Michael C. Migliaccio Michael C. Powell Michael Call Michael Carpenter Michael Cornwall KB9WQJ Michael D. Apsey Michael D. Kowalsky Michael D. Clark Michael D. Corwin, AD4CV Michael D. Everett Michael D. Fanning Michael D. Henderson Michael D. Inman Michael D. Jones, W6HR Michael D. Keith Michael D. Nichols Michael D. Osheroff Michael D. Walters Michael Deckman Michael Down Michael E. Harvey Michael Ekholm Michael Elcsisin Michael F. Marcoe Michael F. Navaroli Michael Fullmer Michael G. Caruso Michael G. Herron, K7MH Michael Garske Michael Goodman Michael H. Albritton Michael H. Burkhardt Michael Haddix Michael Harvey Michael Hasel, N3KUN Michael Hilsdale, KG6LPY Michael Hodas Michael Hodge Michael Inman Michael J. Rush Michael J. Wood Michael J. Aronow Michael J. Dinelli Michael J. Kozma, WY2U Michael J. Murphy KI7II Michael J. Proctor Michael J. Pulley Michael J. Rossi, W4NFD Michael J. Shortle, KC9CQR Michael J. Sparling Michael J. Williams Michael James Froehlich Michael K. Boyea Michael Kallstrom Michael Kirlin Michael L. Anderson Michael L. Charlston Michael L. Everette Michael L. Freeman Michael L. Miller MIchael Larkin Michael Lauborough Michael Ledford Michael Likos, W5MJL Michael Lovold, KC0PDG Michael Maierhoffer Michael McAloon Michael McNeely Michael Mitchell Michael Mullins Michael N Knight Michael N. Scott Michael Nie Michael Oberhart Michael O'Grady Michael P. Kennedy, KB1IUI Michael P. Leek Michael Petty-KD5YBS Michael R. Latour Michael R. Baldock Michael R. DeLoernzo Michael Rogers Michael S. DiPersio, KC2Q Michael S. Gelinne Michael Salisbury Michael Scott Lovold Michael Shawn Jackson Michael Smith Michael Taniwha Michael Taylor Michael Thomas Hudgens, Ph.D. Michael Traxler Michael V. Zbrozek, K8XF Michael Volz Michael W. Vinocur Michael Werner Michael Wolfson Michel Y. Roy Mickey D. Cox. K5MC Mike Brooks Mike Crownover, AD5A Mike Dugan Mike Fansler Mike Fariss Mike Hall Mike J. Bavoso Mike Larcombe Mike Manley Mike Morris Mike Smith Mike Spector Mike Stancliff Mike Tredwell Mike Yuhas, KC9GDV Miles Wagner Milford Ekas Milton Pendarvis Milton Rice Minnie Long Minton Miller, N0NWO Mitchel D. Leek Mitchell Chesler Mitchell Cohen Mitchell P. Burgess Mizell Mitchell Mollie M. Sauciunas Monte L. Simpson Monty Northrup Morgan W. Pace Morris Burr Morris D. Kirby Morris Jones Morris Sahrhage Murray H. Merner, K4MHM Myria Emma Dawn Carpenter Myron A. Selwyn, W6ABP Myron W. Manker Nancy Cronin Nancy Kott Napoleon Hardy Nathan Gordon Nathan P. Reiss Nathan Reitcheck Nathan Sykes Nathan Thomas Eubank Nathaniel D. Robinson, Jr., M.D., K1ANT Nathaniel Harrington Neal C. Enault Ned Landis Ned Rubin, N3SGD Neil D. Schultz Neil Schwanitz Neil Zimmerman Nicholas A. Manzo Nicholas C. Yannios Nicholas F. Travisano Nicholas Nelson Nicholas Proy Nicholas S. Castellano, N2QZ Nichols Melancon Nick Germanos Nick Thomas Nick W. Kiseloff Nickolaus E. Leggett Nikki Jones Niles Lundt No Code International Noel R. Sosa Norbert Piotrowski Norm Reger Norm Styer Norman B. Blake Norman B. Keon, W8AWE Norman E. Bryant Norman E. Covey Norman E. Davis Norman G. Skinner Norman G. Ray Norman Gertz Norman J. Weimar Jr. Norman M. Goodkin Norman P. Triantafilos Norman R Russell Norman R. Cox Norman Young Northwest Louisiana DX Society K5TL Oda J. Stout, Jr. Oli Francis Olin L. Gary, WB5RJK Oliver Gross Oliver K Olsen Orcena Lyle Orlando Gotay, Jr. Otis Murphy Sr Otmar Schreiber, W2UH Owen O'Neill Rasmussen Pablo E. Acevedo Pablo Valadez Pam Bond Pat Cheovski Patricia A. Briggs Patricia B. Rowe Patrick E. Stoddard Patrick G. Smith Patrick Grisham Patrick Henry Robert Schamun Patrick J. Brannick Patrick Jankowaik Patrick John Morris Patrick M. McDonnell Patrick McCullough Patrick P. O'Dea Patrick Ralston Patrick Smith Patrick Walters Patrick Whitson Patsy Lynn Wheelock Paul A. Scipione, AA2AV Paul Alan Ramey Paul Brenner Paul Courson Paul D. Schrader Paul D. Walterick Sr. Paul Dryer Paul E Bartle Paul E Fillmore, Jr. Paul E. Carpenter Paul E. Genaw Paul E. Gili Paul E. Perry Paul F. Johnston Paul Flanagan Paul Fowler Paul G. Streeter, AB9PS Paul Graham Paul Hamilton Paul Honore W6IAM Paul J. Giacherio Paul J. Kiesel Paul Jones Paul Juliano Paul Kearns Paul Klainer Paul L. Kruzel Paul M. Mitchell Jr. Paul Manuel, K4PDM Paul Marbourg Paul Mayo Paul McClendon Paul R. Wertanen Paul R. Young Paul Richard Matthews Paul Rikkonen Paul Roberts Paul Roche Paul Russell Paul S. Serio Paul Shaver Paul Tokar Paul Toro Paul Tvrdy Paul Ward Paul Wilson Paula Bailey-Stine Paula W. Williams Paxton Heckman Perry Clisbee Perry D. Ballinger Perry D. Williams Pete A. Coppola Pete V. Coppola Peter B. Brisbine Peter B. McCorison Peter Barbella Peter C. Albright Peter C. Scola Peter D Bland Peter DeMers Peter Fetterer Peter G. Fundinger Peter H. Myers Peter J. Matejcik Peter J. Tauriello Peter J. Thompson Peter J.F. Shaw, K4LDR Peter Jaworski Peter Johnson, Sr. Peter Laws Peter M. Fudge Peter Martinez Peter R. Newell Peter Sneed Peter W. Flynn Peter Wittenberg Phil D. Mills Phil DiPrima Phil Zook Philip A. Crocetti Philip A. Oak Philip Camera Philip D. Baldwin Philip G. Courtney Philip George Philip Lazar, K9PL Philip Levine Philip Mulivor Philip R Mollica Jr Philip R. Berruti Philip W. Haymaker Phillip G. Johnson, KB4I Phillip Graham Phillip Markmann Phillip R. Parrish Phillip S. Gilbert Phillip Wherry Phyllis L. Singer P.J. Torney Pres Waterman R. Jayant R Smith, N2QRO R. W. Javins, N7KGA R. W. McLachlan Rafael Angelo Diaz Ralph Barbakoff Ralph C. Warlow Ralph Clinton Rice Ralph D. Banta Ralph Edward Johnson Ralph G. Ward , K9RGW Ralph H. Henes Ralph I. Palsson Ralph Jerald Volpe Ralph L. Abbott,WA3ELQ Ralph Leo Ralph N. Reeves Ralph T. Murray Ralph W. Phillips Randall A. Shreve Randall B. Brothers Randall C Ziegenbein Randall Dean Melton Randall E. Balzer Randall J. Rueckert Randall L. Mays Randall Noon Randall R. Bateman Randall R. Wing Randall Schwanke Randall T Boyd Randall Winchester Randolph Morrison Randy J. Buckspan Randy Miller Randy Morton Randy Pence Raoul Wood, KG6RKT Ray Crites Ray Day Ray Hollenbeck Ray Olesen Ray Overman Ray Page Ray Palmer. KO4RN Ray Pillow Ray Shank Ray Soifer Ray Willey Raymond Alan Myers Raymond Chandler Raymond E. Thompson Raymond G. Templeton Raymond H. Knuth Raymond J. Hasler Raymond K. Johnson Raymond Lewis Raymond R. Pick Raymond Verina Raymond Voss Raymond W. Beningo Raymond W. Glenn Real Provencher Rebecca L. Ballard Reed E. Triplett Reese Jenkins Reginald F. Driscoll Reidar Larsen Rene Desany Rene G. Rodriguez Reuben E. Long Ricardo P. Fiorey Rich edmonston Richard A Higgins Richard A. Davidson Richard A. Green Richard A. Knox Richard A. Olson, W7YTZ Richard A. Roberts Richard A. Rohrer Richard A. Snellinger Richard A. Stern Richard Allen Youhill Richard Arnold Richard B. Batte Richard B. Harris, Sr. Richard B. Pyne Richard B. Quiggle Richard b. Stillman Richard Bambini Richard Bartlett Richard Bearde Richard Borecki Richard C. Adamy, KA4GFY Richard C. Mikulski Richard Capretta Richard Carey Richard Casey Richard Cincotta Richard Cook Richard Courtney II Richard Crockett, W0PC Richard D. Arnett Richard D. Hofler Richard D. Nelson Richard D. Summerford Richard Davis Richard Dievendorff Richard Downey Richard E. Anderson Richard E. Fredrickson Richard E. Slone Richard E. Taylor Richard Edward Bloss Richard F. Lyons Richard Faust Richard Fowler Richard Friedman, KG6EMF Richard G. Gutknecht, Nz2I Richard G. Hockridge Richard G. Strange Richard Goldberg Richard H. Singer K6KSG Richard H. St. John Richard H. Weil Richard Hawkins Richard Henderson Richard Hiscock Richard Illman Richard J. Bittel Jr. Richard J. Weinkauf Jr. Richard J. George, KD4CAE Richard J. Gubanich, P.E. Richard J. Herzer KG2HG Richard Jamsek Richard Karpinen. K6LJC Richard Kefler Richard Kellogg Richard Kelly Richard L. Jacker Richard L. Martin Richard L. Swain Richard L. Tannehill, P.E. Richard L. Zysk Richard Lucas Richard Mills Richard Moody Richard N. Jernigan Richard Nese Richard Nielsen Richard O. Lust Richard O.Ward Richard P. Abato Richard Pruitt Richard R. Davis Richard R. Broughton, Jr. Richard R. Wolf Richard Ray Dodson Richard Riegert Richard Schlee kc9foh Richard Schneble Richard Sullivan Richard Sylvan Richard Sytsma Richard T. Criasia Richard T. Martin Richard T. Martin, N6ZQ Richard Taesch Richard Taylor Richard Taylor, K5FZ Richard Van Wyckhouse Richard Vidmar Richard W. Clement Richard W. Dzick Richard W. Grant Richard W. Payne Richard Wilkerson Richard Zalewski Rick A. Bernardi Jr. Rick A. Bernardi Sr. Rick Beard Rick Bishop Rick Brashear Rick Clifford Rick Cochran Rick Eller, N4RE Rick Fox Rick Irvine Rick Johnson Rick Kilvosky Rick Markee Rick S. Wilcox Rick Whitford Rickey Cotton Rickey Wayne Daniel Ricky Eaton Ricky G. Harbour, KE5AUI Ricky L. Mobley Rob Janusch, W8REJ Robert Johnson Robert A. Johnson Robert A. Brown Robert A. Davisson Robert A. Mauro Robert A. Rice,KG4RRN Robert A. Scupp K5SEP Robert A. Sowders Jr. Robert A. Willingham Robert Allen Bond Robert B. Hicks Robert B. Deal Robert B. Fischer Robert Ball Robert Bingham Robert Bollinger, KB7TTY Robert Broderick, WE4B Robert Budach Robert Burton Robert Byl Robert C. Reynolds Robert C. Schwerdlin Robert Campbell Robert Capozzi Robert Carr Robert Casey Robert Cotton, WB5QXX Robert Curry Jr. Robert D Carrier Jr., N8VBY Robert D. Bailey Sr. Robert D. Gage Robert D. Junk Robert D. Montgomery Robert D. Spearman Robert D. Weaver Robert Dale Hawkins Robert Davet Robert Dorn Robert E Feuer Robert E Feuer W0ZPE Robert E Sweat Robert E. Brown Robert E. Gold, W0KIZ Robert E. Ideker Robert E. May Robert E. Oliver,III Robert E. Shepard Robert E. Stanton Robert E. Tomkovich, Jr. Robert F. Ruth Robert F. Witters Robert F. Jones Robert F. Nelson Robert Felt Robert Fetter Robert Finster Robert Francour Robert G. Hall Robert G. Dennison Robert G. Miller Robert G. Rightsell, AE4FA Robert G. Youcha Robert Gardenghi Robert H Linfoot Robert H. Dynan, KC0PHO Robert Harrison Robert Hayes Robert J. Merrill Robert J. Raymond W7RJR Robert J. Seemuth Robert J. Tovsrud Robert J. Harrison Robert J. Leverenz Robert J. Patton II Robert J. Wood Robert Jones Robert Jones Robert K. Quiles Robert Kevin McClure Robert Klevgard Robert L. Garvey Robert L. Hudnall Robert L. Keeble Robert L. Gill Robert L. Abbott Robert L. Burns Robert L. Conder, Jr. Robert L. Orso, Jr. Robert Leiden Robert M. Corr, N8CY Robert M. Flemen Jr. Robert M. Hinden Robert M. Kelley Robert M. Payne Robert M. Winston Robert Matteucci Robert Mayer Robert McClard Robert McWha Robert Mess Robert Nevins Robert Nimmerfroh Robert Novak Robert P. Felton Robert P. Foster, N9BGC Robert P. Giese Robert Pack Robert Pahlow Jr. Robert Pariza Robert Pell Swift Robert Pepper Robert Perdue Robert Peschka Robert Peura, K8FN Robert R. Creal Robert S. Fickle Robert S. Hinshaw Robert Schmidt Robert Shaw Robert Shrader Robert Snow Robert Sobkoviak Robert Stites III, KF4NNI Robert T. Sestero Robert Tillman Robert Uhrik Robert Venanzi Robert W Zabot Robert W. Bytheway, Jr. Robert W. Henderson Robert W. Lewis Robert W. Scull Robert Warfield Robert Wenzlaff Robert Witters Roberto Baca Barnard Robin Callender, KE7ARL Robin Grimm Robin Kemp Robin R. Warren Robin Staebler Robin Wicks Rock E Kent Rod Ledbetter, KG6JAZ Rod Miller, N5PPK Roderick Mitchell Rodger Peer Rodney Kraft Rodney L. Synnes, W9GKZ Rodney Vorndam K9ROD Roert Williams Roger Barnhill Roger Cameron Roger Clayton Roger Emery, W7ACW Roger K Lowe Roger Krautkremer Roger L. Borowski Roger Lee Candiff Roger Milburne Roger Monroe, K7NTW Roger Rippy Roger Schroeder Roger Scurlock Roger W. Pageau Roger West Roland A. Anders Roland Snyder Roland W. Wilson Roman L. Kamienski Ron Bussiere Ron Eckert Ron Grandmaison Ron Holtz Ron Hutchison Ron Spatafora Ron Spicuzza Ron Tassi Ron Wagner Ron Yurman Ronald A Olender Ronald A. Gunn Ronald A. Loneker Sr. Ronald Jakubowski Ronald A. Steinberg Ronald B. Adams II Ronald B. Alexander Ronald C. Borkgren Ronald D. Boyd Ronald D. Le Blanc Ronald Dale Erickson Ronald G. Reams Ronald G. Biswell Ronald G. Mathis Ronald G. Seyboldt Ronald Gemmell Ronald J. Kent Ronald J. Ackerman Ronald L. Ranson Jr. Ronald L. Crawford Ronald L. Gentry Ronald L. Williamson Ronald M. Bowren Ronald Miller Ronald Murdock Ronald Potter Ronald Poulin Ronald R. Keech Sr. Ronald Radwin Ronald Ramsey Ronald Troy Davis Ronald V. King Ronald W. Curtis Ronald W. Frazier Ronald W. Schaffner Ronald White Ronald Zimmer Rondal Kennedy Ronnie D. Hutchison Ronnie Kirkpatrick Ronnie L. Smith Ronny Bolsega Ronny Bruce Wilson Ronny D. Risinger Ronny Julian Ross Bullard Ross E. Longley Ross Francis Guldenbrein Ross H Casey N7TBR Ross L. Rehart WA6YTG Ross P Bullard Ross Statham Rowena K. von Gortler Roy A. Creiglow Roy Clinton Herbert, AB7RG Roy J. Lamkin, KG4ICI Roy S. Dishmon Roy S. Oakley, KE5AZI Roy Schwedt Roy T. Benjamin Royce Ackerman Royce P. Bell, KX7Q Rudi Verstraelen Rudolph Eugene Mullar Jr. Ruel T. Blagg Russ Palmeri Russ Ward Russ Ward Russell B. Hunt Russell Blanchette Russell Brown Russell Carpenter Russell Darling Russell Douglas Douglas Russell E. Fitzgerald Russell E. Furry Russell Elster Russell F. Abbey Jr. Russell Hoffman Russell Inman Turpin Russell Kleinman Russell M. Greve Russell W. Young, Jr., WA2VQV Ruth A Clary Ruth A. McGleish, KI4KQP Ruxton Istre, KC5VTL Ryan Boda Ryan Chandler Ryan Kelzenberg Ryan Oler Ryan Provencher Ryan Tourge, K2RRT Ryan Wilkins S. M. Gustafson S. Riley McLean S. Strader Sal Vella Salvatore Console Sam Johnson Sam Mason, KF4UGA Sammy Robertson Sammy Smith Samuel A. Mercure Samuel D.L. Moore II Samuel Graham Samuel Osecky Jr. Samuel R. Shields Samuel S. Thomas, Ph.D. Samuel Saladino Sandra M. Hedgcoth Santo Cassarino Sarah E. Fuller Sarah L. Baldwin Scander N. Astafan, WS2W Schuylar W. Crist Scot Clayton Scott A Press Scott A. McMullen, W5ESE Scott A. Smith Scott Blixt Scott Button Scott Castonguay Scott D. Irwin Scott Dawley Scott Fike Scott Honaker, N7SS Scott Johns, W3TX Scott Kelly Scott Lichtsinn Scott Lingo Scott Moore Scott Nielson, N7TMB Scott Olitsky Scott R Heath, KC8EMH Scott R. Newfer, W8SRN Scott Richardson Scott Stevens Scott T. Dean Scott Thompson Scott Yakoubian Sean C. Murphy Sean P. Kelly, W7SPK Shane McComas Sharon Morgan Shannon Jeffers Shawn Estes Sheila Stripling Shelley Levine Shelly Dranko Sherman Gary, KC3XD Shirley Willis Sid George Sid Ingram, N5KIG Sid Markowitz, K2GG Sidney B. Scott Sidney Bates Sidney E. Brantley, Sr. Sigmond B. Markowski Jr. Silverio L. Remigio Silvio Marrero Simon Jaworski, KQ2V Skip Apple Society for the Preservation of Amateur Radio Sonny G. Stapleton Stan Bradley Stan Ganz Stan Mitchell Stan Wilk Stan Young Stanley A. Tomyl Stanley C. Byers Stanley M. Ross Stanley U. Abadie Stanley Waghalter Stephanie Simms Conley Stephen B. Voigt Stephen C. Hewlett Stephen C. Sheppert Stephen Crate Stephen D. Jewell Stephen D. Jonas Stephen E. Minshall Stephen E. Russell Stephen Entz Stephen F. Howard Stephen G. Snyder Stephen H. Neuse Stephen H. Ponder Stephen Haller Stephen Hancock Stephen J. Cuccio Jr. Stephen J. Schmitz Stephen L. Levy Stephen M. Butler Stephen M. Moon Stephen M. Stewart Stephen M. McCoy Stephen Mattern Stephen Moffe Stephen Oi Stephen R. Look Stephen Rigsby Stephen T. Prevatt Stephen Tolley Stephen Vermette Stephen W. Kercel Stephen W. Simmons Stephen W. Banks Stephen W. Fields Steve Adams Steve Courts Steve Felkner Steve Fisher Steve Hancock Steve Hay Steve Hicks Steve Huston Steve J. Narducci Steve Keithley Steve Lancaster Steve Morgan Steve Niemeier Steve Pabin Steve Post Steve Rapata Steve Schaffer Steve Shavkin Steve Sims, W0OOW Steve Sobanski,K8PBX Steve Sutfin Steve T. Coan Steve Trook Steve Tune Steve Waterman Steve Weiss Steve Wisniewski Steven A. Mook Steven Blary Steven Bogart, N2UZV Steven Cronk Steven D. Katz Steven Diduch Steven Dinelli Steven Donellan, KC5ELH Steven E Matda, KE4MOB Steven E. Rapata Steven F Rawson Jr. Steven Fisher Steven H. Pullman Steven Hailstone Steven Hathaway Steven J Robeson, LPN Steven J. Gehring Steven J. Meyers Steven Johnson Steven Lamar Steven M. Reynolds Steven Nelson Steven Pursley Steven Rapata, KG6TCV Steven Siegel Steven Spicer Steven T. Logsdon Steven Tarr Steven Williamson Stewart E. Bowers Stewart L. Smokler Stuart J. Bryant Stuart Press Stuart Self Stuart Sokolin Stuart T. Lent Stuart Y. Luckie Susan Blank Susan Goldsworthy Susan Graham Susan P. Cowan Suzanne Neuman Sydney S. DeJarnette Sylvia V. Andrews T Milburn T. Graf Buckenmaier, Jr. T.E. Schwinn Taylor E. Hoynes III Taylor E. Mack Ted Ellmore Ted G. Freitas, KE6YJC Ted Spiegel Ted Wright Terrance McGleish Terrence H Nixon Terri Milburn Terry L. Oquin Terry Schey Terry D. Stripling Terry Dykes Terry G. Busby Terry H. Burroughs Terry J. Broussard Terry J. Carlson Terry Jones Terry L. Bartoli Terry L. Nixon Terry L. Tankersley Terry W. Yarborough Terry Whitehead Terry Wilkes Theodore Andros Theodore Bongiovanni Theodore E. Drake Theodore F. Crutchfield, K4TFC Theodore G. Heuser Theodore M. Gergen Jr. Theodore White, N8TW Theresa M. Latz Theron Cochran Thomas A. Andrews Thomas A. Boza Thomas A. Miller Thomas A. Stough Thomas Beavers Thomas C. Lish II Thomas C. Martindale Thomas Cordes Thomas D. Dean Thomas E. Kuehl Thomas E. Walton, III Thomas F. Fischel Thomas G. Azlin Thomas G. Gouvisis Thomas G. Dolph Thomas G. Muller Thomas G. Phillips, N4ARS Thomas Grice, KC2MBU Thomas H. Haskins, Jr. Thomas J. Cody Thomas J. Bloomer Thomas J. Davis Thomas J. Miller Thomas Kissinger Thomas L. Auth, Jr. Thomas L. McDaniel Thomas Lewis Thomas M. Taylor Thomas M. Walsh, W2CO Thomas Michael Greenway Thomas Moore Thomas O'Connor Thomas P. Roscoe Thomas P. Wilson Thomas Parziale Thomas R. Denton Thomas R. Sovie Thomas R. Cox Thomas R. Lea Thomas R. Peterson Thomas R. Zirlott Thomas Schenck Thomas Slade Whittle, Jr. Thomas Vaccaro Thomas W. Curley Thomas W. Pope Thomas W. Webb Thomas Warnock Thomas Was Thomas Wiseman Thurlon E. Swafford Tim Bornemann Tim Curtis Tim Ellison Tim Gorman, AB0WR Tim McCullough Tim Milburn Tim Mitchell Tim Moore Tim O'Rourke Tim Poole, KD8BVW Tim Rodgers Tim Storey Tim Wetzel Tim Young Timothy A. Mousseau, KC4YCX Timothy B. Siegenthaler Timothy C. Rogerwall Timothy Cotton Timothy Cunningham Timothy E. Kramer Timothy E. Newman Timothy E. Richardson Timothy Edward Verthein Timothy F. Miller Timothy G. Hardy Timothy Groman Timothy H. Dove Timothy J. Boyd Timothy J. Miller Timothy J. Powers Timothy J. Simpon Timothy Johnson Timothy L. Munro Timothy L. Peterson Timothy Milburn Timothy Morgan Timothy N. Colbert Timothy T. Jarman Timothy Thibodeaux Timothy V. Sommer Timothy V. Whitson Tina M. Coppola T.J. Sheffield Todd Buiten, WK7L Todd Campbell Todd Krajewski Todd McLaughlin Todd Pritts Todd Smith Todd Williams Tom Bohon Tom Butler Tom Cleveland Tom Davis Tom Davison Tom Hyers Tom P. Self Tommy Bertrand Tommy D. Hammerbeck Tommy Goodman Tony F. Hall Tony Lee Tony Milburn Tony O. Smith Tony Robinson Tracy A. Nash Tracy D. Albert Tracy Davis Tracy Fort Troy King Troy W. Ballard Troy Wideman Tunisia Ann Guidry Wade Tyler Griffiths Tyler Williams Urban Wayne Welsh V. Garcell V. J. Garcell Vaclav George Ujcik Val Ballard Van Wheelock Vance Shaffer Vaughn L. Densley Verle D. Winningham Verlyn Haahr Verna A. Deal Vernard Halverson Vernon J. Lovelace Vernon L Hensley Vickie L. Ballard Victor E. Moore Victor Gauvin Victor J West Victor Lafon, W4VLL Victor Magana Victor Medina Victor Vadney Victor W. Emmelkamp Victor Wasilov Victoria Shields Vince Cuker Vince Garcell Vince Wallis Vincent G. Mattera Vincent Garcell Vincent J. Garcell Vincent J. Klemmer Vincent J. Klemmer Vincent L Stigall Sr Vincent L. Boyer Vincent Mastrogiovanni Vincent S. Ponzio Virgil E. Lyons Virgil Ferguson Virgil W. Yost Virgilio Rodriguez Jr Virginia Brenneman VP Raghavan W A Hilton W. Conrad Richardson W. David Gerns, K1LD W. J. J. Hoge Wade Norris Wade Olson Wade V. Fair Wallace Randall Faircloth Wallace Tew, AC4FZ Walter B. Fair, Jr. Walter C. Stoll, Jr. Walter Daniels Walter H. Mushagian Walter Hopkins Walter K Mohler Walter Mack Ward Merdes Ward Willats Warren A. Wolff Warren E. Eggers Jr. Warren J. Wasson Warren L. Dowler Warren Lee Sanders Warren Schall Wayland Bradley Waylon Lambert Wayne A. Watson Wayne C. Ashwell, KØOHB Wayne Davidson Wayne E. Stahler II Wayne E. Goff,- KC0ITR Wayne Harrell Wayne K. Irwin, W1KI Wayne L. Ellenbogen, Esq. Wayne Lougher Wayne Nutsch Wayne P. Muckleroy Wayne Pearson Wayne Scovil Wayne Shiver Wayne Wenzlaff WC Springfield,W5WCS Webster D. Williams, III Wendell Salmons Wes Wilson Wesley A. Andersen Wesley A. Hartman Whitney Tritch Wilbur Howard Wilfred Loyd, W5WAL Will Schutts Willard Ervin Strain William A. Gisseler William A. Barbee William A. Blalock William A. Morris William A. Pugsley, WØZWV William A. Sands William A. Schueller William A. Stietenroth William Abb Brown William Ackerman, K8MTN William Auer William B. Cecil William B. Noyce William B. Runyon, Sr. William B. Wright William Ball William Barron William Bear Jr. William Beyrer William Bleyle William C. Euerle William C. Knaust William Carey York William Cary Geeslin William Chandler William Cliff Conway William D. Allen William D. Kovas William D. Rafus, KD4FRB William D. Stewart III William D. Trojanowski, N2EZG William DuSold William E. Eastman II William E. Kornec William E. Curd William E. Dobbins William E. Etheridge William E. Moyes William E. Reid William E. Schebeck II William E. Sims William E. Waller William E. Whitney Jr. William Eppick William Etter William F. Clark William F. Frazier William F. Nutt Jr. William F. Osler William F. Pitman, KI4AHA William F. Reyor III William F. Ryan William Fenimore William Forbush William G. Becks William G. Eads Jr. William G. Smith William Gregor William H. Harper William H. Albert William H. Ferguson William H. Gordon Jr. William H. Perkins, Jr. William Harrison McPheron William Hogan - NH7FV William J Hanley William J Rivers William J. Carter William J. Hedgcoth William J. Hefti, WI2L William J. Hutson William J. Keck William J. Londree William J. Steward William K. Mabry, N4QA William Keith Hosman, KC8TCQ William L. Brunson William L. Chapman William L. Humm William L. Longley William L. McGraw William Leahy William M. Coverdell William M. Abate William M. Sambuco William Maclean William Mark Vassar William McClymont William McNamara William Neeriemer William Nix William O. Panck William O. Reichert William P. Chamberlin William P. Champlin William P. Merritt William P. Turney, WS4Y William Pate William Pietschman William Quigley William R. Cantley William R. Ogden William R. Rupp William R. Hicks William R. McCoy William R. Phillipson William R. Wiese William Rickman Murray William Ripley William S. Creager William S. Knox William S. Haddock, Jr. William S. McConnell, N9US William Shell William Stockslager William T. Halse William T. Culbertson William T. Harris, k5wth William Van Eeckhout William W. Stewart, W2BSA William Wallace Willie L. Brown Willie F. Smith Jr. Willie L. Baber Willis H. Yule Wilton S. Pace Winston A. Miller, KG4YUS Winston V. Rogers Woodrow C. Olson Woody K. Morin Woodybury Parr Worldwide Communications Amateur Radio Wyatt E.Propst Zachary Ryan Fruhling Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Rules to Implement WRC-03 Regulations Applicable to Requirements for Operator Licenses in the Amateur Radio Service, Notice of Proposed Rule Making and Order, WT Docket No. 05-235, 20 FCC Rcd 13247 (2005) (NPRM). See RM-10781, Peter M. Beauregard, Petition for Rulemaking (filed July 15, 2003) (Beauregard Petition); RM-10782, P.V. Coppola et al., Petition for Rulemaking (filed July 18, 2003) (Coppola Petition); RM-10783, Kiernan K. Holliday, Petition for Rulemaking (filed July 21, 2003) (Holliday Petition); RM-10784, Dale E. Reich, Petition for Rulemaking (filed July 28, 2003) (Reich Petition); RM-10785, Eric R. Ward, Petition for Rulemaking (filed July 30, 2003) (Ward Petition); RM-10786, No Code International (NCI), Petition for Rulemaking (filed August 13, 2003) (NCI Petition); RM-10787, National Conference of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (NCVEC), Petition for Rulemaking (filed August 1, 2003) (NCVEC Petition I); RM-10805, Charles L. Young, Jr., Petition for Rule Making (filed September 5, 2003) (Young Petition); RM-10806, Frank W. Napurano, Petition (filed August 14, 2003) (Napurano Petition); RM-10807, Robert G. Rightsell and Harry A.M. Kholer, Petition for Rulemaking (filed September 5, 2003) (Rightsell-Kholer Petition); RM-10808, Joseph Speroni, Petition for Rulemaking (filed September 8, 2003) (Speroni Petition); RM-10809, Puerto Rico Amateur Radio League, Petition for Rulemaking (filed September 11, 2003) (PRARL Petition); RM-10810, James Roux, Petition for Rule Making (filed September 11, 2003) (Roux Petition); RM-10811, FISTS CW Club, Petition for Rulemaking (filed September 2, 2003) (FISTS Petition); RM-10867, American Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL), Petition for Rulemaking (filed March 18, 2004) (ARRL Petition); RM-10868, Radio Amateur Foundation (RAF), Petition for Rule Making (filed February 20, 2004) (RAF Petition); RM-10869, Ronald D. Lowrance, Petition (filed September 8, 2003) (Lowrance Petition); and RM-10870, NCVEC, Petition for Rulemaking (filed March 4, 2004) (NCVEC Petition II). See 47 C.F.R. §§ 97.3(a)(27), 97.503(a). The international Morse code is defined in ITU-T Recommendation F.1 (March, 1998), Division B, I. Morse code. It consists of alphanumeric characters represented by dots, dashes, or some combination thereof. The telegraphy examination requires an examinee to listen to an audio recording of a message that is typically exchanged between two amateur radio stations and demonstrate, either by transcribing the message text or answering a series of questions based on the content of message, that he or she has the ability to receive correctly Morse code texts at not less than five words-per-minute (wpm). The message is prepared in such a way that it uses all of the letters of the alphabet, the numerals 0-9, certain punctuation marks, and three prosigns (symbols formed by combining together two letters into one without the inter-letter space). See 47 C.F.R. §§ 97.503(a), 97.507(d). A "word" consists of five letters, with each numeral, punctuation mark, and prosign counting as two letters. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.507(d). For purposes of this R&O, phrases such as "Morse code test," "telegraphy examination," and "telegraphy examination in the international Morse code are used interchangeably. Amendment of Part 97 of the Commissions Rules Governing the Amateur Radio Services, Report and Order, WT Docket No. 04-140, 21 FCC Rcd 11643 (2006) (Phone Band Expansion R&O). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.3(a)(2). The amateur service and the amateur satellite service are separate radio services in the international Radio Regulations; RACES is a domestic radio service using amateur radio stations for civil defense communications during periods of local, regional or national civil emergencies. See World Radiocommunication Conference Final Acts (Geneva, 2003), Article 25; 47 C.F.R. § 97.3(a)(37). Hereafter, the term "amateur service" is used to include all of the amateur radio services. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.3(a)(4). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.1. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.111(a)(1). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.1(a). See World Radiocommunication Conference Final Acts (Geneva, 2003) (WRC-03 Final Acts), Article 25.6. The WRC03 Final Acts applicable to the amateur service became effective on July 5, 2003. An administration is any governmental department responsible for discharging obligations under the Radio Regulations. See 47 C.F.R. § 2.1. See Final Acts of the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-97), Geneva, Switzerland, 1997, and Final Acts of the World Radiocommunication Conference, (WRC-00), Istanbul, 2000, Radio Regulation 25.5. This Radio Regulation stated, Any person seeking a license to operate the apparatus of an amateur station shall prove that he is able to send correctly by hand and to receive correctly by ear texts in Morse code signals. The administration concerned may, however, waive this requirement in the case of stations making use exclusively of frequencies above 30 MHz. Individual administrations were permitted to waive the Morse code requirement for stations making use only of frequencies above 30 MHz because transmissions in this part of the radio spectrum are generally used for shorter distance communications, rather than international communications. The segment of the radio spectrum between 3 and 30 MHz is commonly referred to as the High Frequency (HF) band. The segment of the radio spectrum between 300 kHz and 3 MHz is the Medium Frequency (MF) band. See 47 C.F.R. § 2.101. See Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Rules Concerning the Establishment of a Codeless Class of Amateur Operator License, Report and Order, PR Docket No. 90-55, 5 FCC Rcd 7631, 7632 ¶ 16 (1990). See 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review -- Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Amateur Service Rules, Report and Order, WT Docket No. 98-143, 15 FCC Rcd 315 (1999) (License Restructure Report and Order) and Errata, April 19, 2000; Memorandum Opinion and Order, 16 FCC Rcd 8076 (2001). See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 316 ¶ 3. Previously, the amateur service operator license structure consisted of six classes of operator licenses: the Novice, Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. To transition to the three-class license structure, the Commission grandfathered then-current Novice, Technician Plus, and Advanced Class licensees, and decided that no new Novice or Advanced Class licenses would be issued. The Commission also decided to renew Technician Plus Class licenses as Technician Class licenses. See id. at 322 ¶¶ 13-15, 326 ¶ 20. Under this approach, these licensees would receive credit for examination elements previously passed when they upgrade to a higher class operator license. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.505. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.501. See ITU Radio Regulations, Edition of 2004. See WRC03 Final Acts, Article 25. This regulation states, Administrations shall determine whether or not a person seeking a license to operate an amateur station shall demonstrate the ability to send and receive texts in Morse code signals. WRC03 Final Acts, Article 25.5. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13256 ¶¶ 17, 18. 47 C.F.R. § 97.501. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13256 ¶¶ 17, 18. Id. at 13258 ¶ 23. FISTS requested that the Commission authorize Technician Class licensees to transmit digital communications on the frequency segments of the HF bands currently authorized to Novice and Technician Plus Class licensees. Coppola requested that the Commission authorize Technician Class licensees operating privileges on the segment of the 10 meter (m) amateur service band currently authorized to Technician Plus Class licensees. The Rightsell-Kholer Petition requested that the Commission authorize Novice, Technician, and Technician Plus Class licensees data communication and telegraphy frequency privileges in the 80, 40, 15, and 10 m amateur service bands, and an expanded frequency segment for voice communications in the 10 m amateur service band, in addition to the privileges currently authorized Technician Plus Class licensees in the HF amateur service bands. Other petitioners more generally requested that the Commission eliminate the difference between the Technician Class and Technician Plus Class licenses by authorizing Technician Class licensees the HF privileges now authorized to Technician Plus Class licensees on the basis that the international requirement for Morse code proficiency had been eliminated. Id. at 13259 ¶ 24. Id. Appendix B contains a listing of the parties who filed comments and/or reply comments in response to the NPRM. See ARRL Petition for Partial Reconsideration at 4 (filed Dec. 11, 2006) (ARRL Petition). The ARRL also requested that the rule change be stayed pending resolution of its petition for reconsideration. ARRL Petition for Partial Stay of Effective Date of Rule (filed Dec. 11, 2006). In light of our resolution of the ARRL Petition, we dismiss the stay request as moot. See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 322 ¶¶ 12-13. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301. In the Amateur Radio Service license structure, an individual advances to a higher class of operator license by passing an examination that demonstrates increased telegraphy proficiency and/or more technical expertise than what the individuals present license class requires. There are four examination elements: the three written examinations required for the three classes of operator license, and the telegraphy examination. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.503. An examinee must pass different combinations of examination elements to qualify for the various operator licenses. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.503(b)(1). The written examinations consist of multiple-choice questions. See Amendment of the Amateur Service Rules to Change Procedures for Filing an Amateur Service License Application and to Make Other Procedural Changes, Order, 9 FCC Rcd 6111 (PRB 1994). Licensees who previously have passed an examination required for a higher class of operator license receive examination credit for the previously-passed examination. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.505. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.503(b)(3). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.501(a). See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 329-30 ¶ 25. See, e.g., ARRL Petition at 5; NCI Petition at 3; NCVEC Petition I at 6. See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 329-30 ¶ 25. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13256-57 ¶¶ 17, 18. See 47 C.F.R § 97.503. See 47 C.F.R § 97.1(b). See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 329 ¶ 25. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13249 ¶ 3. See Burt Wizeman Comments at 1; see also August J. Miller Comments at 1; Frederick J. St. John Comments at 1; William H. Perkins, Jr. Comments at 1; Verlyn Haahr Comments at 1-2. See Charles Wackerman Comments at 1. See Dean Crow Comments at 1; see also Charles Wackerman Comments at 1; Bruce W. Ellinger Comments at 1; Brian Clark Comments at 1. See Gary Pearce Comments at 1; see also, e.g., Todd Buiten WK7L Comment at 1 (Morse code no longer plays a central role in amateur radio communications); Charles R. Flanagan Comments at 1 (the time has passed when knowledge of Morse code was a valid requirement for access to all amateur radio frequencies); Charles Carter Comment at 1 ("Morse code proficiency is irrelevant.). Many other commenters favor deleting the Morse code requirement for all amateur radio license classes but do not provide a specific reason. See, e.g., H. Allen Robbins Comments at 1; Gene McCalmont Comments at 1; Fred Mott Comments at 1; Brian Burke Comments at 1; Barrie D. Shepherd Comments at 1; Jody Bergman Comments at 1. See 47 C.F.R § 97.1(a). See, e.g., Garry Rife Comments at 1; Duane Ridenour Comments at 1; Donald L. McClure Comments at 1; Dixie Coutant Comments at 1; Boyd F. Bilger Comments at 1. See License Restructure Report and Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 334 ¶ 31; see also, e.g., David A. Behar Comments at 1 (Modern digital protocols and voice modes are far superior to Morse code for public service and emergency communications, and dropping the Morse code requirement will increase the pool of licensed amateur radio operators available for public service and emergency communications.). See Michael J. Sparling Comments at 1; see also Martin J. Fenik Comments at 2; Dixie Coutant Comments at 1; David Hoad Comments at 1; Boyd F. Bilger Comments at 1. See Michael J. Sparling Comments at 1. See Martin J. Fenik Comments at 1; see also, e.g., Dennis Gittens Comments at 1; Herman Campbell Comments at 1; Greg Molyneaux Comments at 1 (Morse code is a way of testing one[]s will and wanting to become a ham radio operator); D.B. Walter Comments at 1; Chris Murphy Comments at 1 (the code is somewhat of a filter, not perfect . . . but it does make you earn and value your license); Calvin Gorce Comments at 1. See Duane Budd Comments at 1. See Dennis N. Rosas Comments at 1; see also Woodrow C. Olson Comments at 1. See Eric R. Wolfe Comments at 1; see also Doug Younker Comments at 1. See, e.g., ARRL Comments at 4; John Marks Comments at 1; Mark Wenzel Comments at 1. See ARRL Comments at 4; see also Michael J. Sparling Comments at 1. See ARRL Comments at 15; see also John Marks Comments at 1; Ignacy Justyna Comments at 1. Other commenters favor retaining the Morse code requirement for the Amateur Extra Class license, but do not explain why. See, e.g., Mark Wenzel Comments at 1. We disagree with the ARRL that code proficiency is not a disincentive to individuals qualifying for the Amateur Extra Class license. We believe that most individuals who upgrade to the Amateur Extra Class license do not pass a telegraphy examination as part of the upgrade examination, but rather receive examination credit for a previously passed telegraphy examination. See 47 C.F.R § 97.505. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(a)-(e). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(e). These privileges include, among others, authority to control a station transmitting telegraphy emission types in the 80, 40, 15, and 10 m amateur bands, and data and phone (voice) emission types in the 10 m band. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(a). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(a), (e). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(d). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(c). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(b). Amateur Extra Class licensees are authorized to use all spectrum allocated to the amateur service. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13258 ¶ 23. Id. at ¶ 24. See ARRL Comments at 13; see also Mark Wenzel Comments at 1; John Marks Comments at 1. See ARRL Comments at 13. We note that because Technician Class licensees licensed before March 21, 1987 passed Element 3, the General Class written examination, rather than Element 2, the Technician Class written examination element, Technician Class licensees licensed before March 21, 1987 will continue to receive examination credit for Element 3 when they upgrade to a General Class operator license. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.505(a)(8). Verification of such licensing may be requested by sending 1987 licensing information to FCC, 1270 Fairfield Road, Gettysburg, PA 17325-7245, ATTN: Amateur Radio License Verification Request. See NPRM, 20 FCC Rcd at 13261 ¶¶ 26-30. Specifically, the Commission denied a request from the ARRL that it replace the current entry-level operator license, the Technician Class license, with a new entry-level "Novice" Class operator license that would include VHF and UHF privileges, and limited HF telegraphy, data, and voice privileges without requiring a Morse code test and a request from the NCVEC that we establish a new Communicator Class license as the new introductory amateur service operator license. See id. at 13261 ¶ 27. Similarly, current Technician Class licensees may obtain additional operating privileges by passing one examination element. See ARRL Comments at 2-3, 10-13. Id. at 7-8. Id. at 11-12. Additionally, we are concerned that the ARRL has provided no data that shows that authorizing Technician Class licensees additional operating privileges would have the effect it intends, i.e., would result in sustained growth in the number of amateur service licensees. Rather, we agree with Mr. Byers that growth in the number of amateur service licensees is affected by potential operators being "more attracted to noise-free communication plus vivid color images so easily obtainable with computer internet connection than radio operation," and other factors such as other avocation activities available to individuals and the difficulty an individual encounters in pursuing these activities. See Stanley C. Byers Comments at 1. See ARRL Comments at 11-12. See Gary Irwin Sklar Comments at 1. See John Marks Comments at 1. See David M. Aronovitz Comments at 1; see also Gary Irwin Sklar Comments at 1. See Amendment of Part 97 of the Commissions Rules Governing the Amateur Radio Services, Report and Order, WT Docket No. 04-140, 21 FCC Rcd 11643 (2006) (Phone Band Expansion). Image emissions are facsimile and television emissions having certain emission designators. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.3(c)(3). The requested privileges include telegraphy and data emission privileges in certain segments of the 80, 40, 15, and 10 m amateur bands, and voice and image emission privileges in other segments of the same bands, in addition to the privileges the Technician Class license presently authorizes. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.501. Phone Band Expansion R&O, 21 FCC Rcd at 11650-51 ¶ 11. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.305(c). See Phone Band Expansion R&O, 21 FCC Rcd at 11650 ¶ 10. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.305(c). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.221(b). See ARRL Petition at 4. See id. at 6 (citing Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Rules Governing the Amateur Radio Services, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Order, WT Docket No. 04-140, 19 FCC Rcd 7293, 7300 ¶ 11 (2004)). As the ARRL notes, the Phone Band Expansion R&O did not delete 3620-3635 kHz from the frequencies on which Section 97.221(b) authorizes operation of automatically controlled digital stations, which further indicates that the Commission did not intend to reduce the spectrum available for such operations. See ARRL Petition at 10. See 47 C.F.R § 97.5(d). See Biennial Regulatory Review -- Amendment of Parts 0, 1, 13, 22, 24, 26, 27, 80, 87, 90, 95, 97 and 101 of the Commission's Rules to Facilitate the Development and Use of the Universal Licensing System in the Wireless Telecommunications Services, Report and Order, 13 FCC Rcd 21027, 21103 (1998); see also 47 C.F.R. § 97.5(d). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(a). See 47 C.F.R. § 97.301(b). See European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) Recommendation T/R 61-01 (Nice 1985, Paris 1992, August 1992, Nicosia 2003). 47 C.F.R. § 97.301. See 47 C.F.R. § 97.5(d). These requirements include, among other things, that the person must not be a resident alien or citizen of the United States, regardless of any other citizenship also held, and that the person not hold an FCC-issued amateur operator license or be a prior amateur service licensee whose FCC-issued license was revoked, suspended and relicensing has not taken place, or surrendered for cancellation following notice of revocation, suspension or monetary forfeiture proceedings. See 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3)(B). The Administrative Procedure Act allows an agency to promulgate rules without notice and comment "when the agency for good cause finds (and incorporates the finding and a brief statement of reasons therefore in the rules issued) that notice and public procedure thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest." Id. See 5 U.S.C. § 603. The RFA, see 5 U.S.C. § 601 612, has been amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), Pub. L. No. 104-121, Title II, 110 Stat. 857 (1996). See 5 U.S.C. § 605(b). See 5 U.S.C. § 601(6). See 5 U.S.C. § 601(3) (incorporating by reference the definition of small business concern in the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. § 632). Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 601(3), the statutory definition of a small business applies unless an agency, after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity for public comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the agency and publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register. See 15 U.S.C. § 632. See 5 U.S.C. § 605(b). See id. (Continued from previous page) (continued.) 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[arrl-odv:14970] Re: Letter to the FCC Commissioiners
by n3kn＠comcast.net 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

The FCC no longer lets any of their staff interact with the public in person-- not just the ham radio public but the American public. Even the nitty-gritty working-level folks from Gettysburg can't go to the NCVEC meeting to discuss mundane data-processing items with the VECs. Riley kinda ignores that ruling and does his own thing. So even if a convention wanted Bill Cross to appear, he could not go. By the way, don't get too jazzed up by the idea of seeing the last of Bill Cross. Waste of breath that he is, the FCC could very easily replace him with something even worse. That's the one thing I trust the FCC to do: make a bad situation worse. 73 - Kay N3KN

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[arrl-odv:14969] New Video is Online
by Jim Weaver 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

On behalf of the Legislative Action Committee, I am pleased to announce that the Committee's video, Advocating for Amateur Radio, is posted on the Grassroots area of Members Only on the ARRL web site. This was made possible by Harold Kramer obtaining a compacted version of the rather large DVD file from the producer and the effort of Jon Bloom in getting the video loaded successfully onto Grassroots. The main concern was that the quality of the video be maintained nearly as intact as it is on the disk. This concern was met. The Committee appreciates the support of Harold and Jon in this effort. To view the video, one needs first to be registered to access Grassroots. At this moment, essentially the only people able to be registered are officers, Directors, Vice Directors, Division Legislative Action Chairs, state Legislative Action Coordinators and selected persons at HQ. One soon will be able to register Legislative Action Assistants according to the Congressional District or Senator to which/whom they are assigned. To view the video online, 1. Go to arrl.org 2. Go to Members Only 3. Go to Grassroots 4. Click on the link to Advocating for Amateur Radio Video under Training in the box in the upper right hand corner of the screen. The next item to appear on Grassroots is a special certificate that can be completed on line (similar to the certificates available to SMs) and printed. Once printed, the only additional step will be for the Director to sign it. DLACs and Directors are the only ones to have access to print the certificate. I'll let you know when the certificate becomes available and additional features about it. Jim Weaver, K8JE, Chairman For the Legislative Action Committee Bill Edgar, N3LLR Frank Fallon, N2FF Jim Fenstermaker, K8JF David Woolweaver, K5RAV Jim Weaver, K8JE, Director ARRL Great Lakes Division 5065 Bethany Rd. Mason, OH 45040 E-mail: k8je(a)arrl.org; Tel.: 513-459-0142

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[arrl-odv:14968] Re: Letter to the FCC Commissioiners
by Rod Stafford W6ROD 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

Joel -- I got all worked up and forgot to say "good job" on the letter. Rod At 03:10 PM 12/18/2006, Joel Harrison wrote: >Greetings, > >When all of the errors in WT Docket 04-140 became apparent with the >release of the Report & Order we all wanted a piece of Bill Cross because >of his blatant ignorance, arrogance or just plain stupidity.whatever it was. > >It was disturbing to me that he did not take a brief moment out of his >day, that Im confident is anything but occupied with official business, >and contact Chris just to run some things by him in an attempt to prevent >the calamity of errors caused by the overexpansion of the 80 meter phone band. > >Even so, I was willing to concede what had been done had been done and >dealing with how to prevent this in the future would be a top priority for >2007. > >We filed our petition for reconsideration in good faith, attempting to >present the best possible resolution to the domino effect caused by the >expansion. > >Friday morning, Chris received a phone call from Scot Stone at FCC. I know >Scot from previous meetings at FCC and quite frankly I have a lower >opinion of him than I do Cross. Under the current organizational structure >at FCC he is above Cross in the food chain. Cross was not at work on >Thursday and Friday. Stone asked Chris what he thought about FCC moving >the automatic sub-band below 3600 KHz. Chris, of course, told him that was >a horrible and idea and told him why. Stone ended the conversation with >Well, I just wanted to let you know where we are headed with this. At >that point, it was obvious that WTB was going to once again make a bad >situation worse. > >This continued arrogance of the Wireless Bureau burned me up, so much so >that it was all I had on my mind during my trip back from D.C. Saturday >morning and through Sunday. It is one thing for the FCC to ignore us on >the BPL issue, which is a political matter. But for the WTB to ignore ARRL >on Part 97 amateur matters is just plain inexcusable! > >Sunday afternoon I concluded enough was enough. It was time to let the >Commissioners know exactly how bad the WTB staff screwed up this Docket >regarding the 80 meter expansion and the incompetence that it exhibited >subsequent to the release. > >One bright spot late Friday was a phone call Chris received from a >representative in Commissioner Copps office. He wanted to advise us of the >pending release of WT Docket 05-235 and what was contained in it was not >what the League had proposed and he wanted to discuss it. At that time >Chris mentioned the earlier call from Stone and expressed his concern over >the handling of our petition for reconsideration. Given the desire of >Copps office to discuss this matter I felt going to the Commissioners with >the WTB problems was the right thing to do. > >It is a given fact that we will never change the Wireless Bureau by >working directly with them. They have now proven beyond a shadow of a >doubt that they will ignore the Leagues expertise in amateur radio >matters. That being understood, our first course of action is to quit >beating our heads against the WTB wall and start working from the top down. > >Sunday afternoon I drafted a letter for Chairman Martin and each of the >Commissioners. I sent it to Dave and Chris for review. After some edits we >settled on a final version that has now been sent to the Chairman and each >of the Commissioners. > >It is attached for your info. > >While this will become a public record since it is being sent to FCC, I do >not plan any hoopla or news stories about it. This is just step one of an >objective to turn this situation around. > >73 Joel W5ZN >

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[arrl-odv:14967] Re: Letter to the FCC Commissioiners
by Rod Stafford W6ROD 19 Dec '06

19 Dec '06

I assume that convention organizers will continue to invite these bozos (especially Cross) to give talks at conventions about how interested they are in fostering and promoting the amateur radio service. No doubt Cross will be present at Dayton for the usual government paid trip to spread whatever it is he spreads. And, I'm sure people will be kissing his ring and sucking up as usual. As far as I can tell, the only one who has been straight with us is Hollingworth and he apparently hasn't much time left til he is gone. Rod W6ROD At 03:10 PM 12/18/2006, Joel Harrison wrote: >Greetings, > >When all of the errors in WT Docket 04-140 became apparent with the >release of the Report & Order we all wanted a piece of Bill Cross because >of his blatant ignorance, arrogance or just plain stupidity.whatever it was. > >It was disturbing to me that he did not take a brief moment out of his >day, that Im confident is anything but occupied with official business, >and contact Chris just to run some things by him in an attempt to prevent >the calamity of errors caused by the overexpansion of the 80 meter phone band. > >Even so, I was willing to concede what had been done had been done and >dealing with how to prevent this in the future would be a top priority for >2007. > >We filed our petition for reconsideration in good faith, attempting to >present the best possible resolution to the domino effect caused by the >expansion. > >Friday morning, Chris received a phone call from Scot Stone at FCC. I know >Scot from previous meetings at FCC and quite frankly I have a lower >opinion of him than I do Cross. Under the current organizational structure >at FCC he is above Cross in the food chain. Cross was not at work on >Thursday and Friday. Stone asked Chris what he thought about FCC moving >the automatic sub-band below 3600 KHz. Chris, of course, told him that was >a horrible and idea and told him why. Stone ended the conversation with >Well, I just wanted to let you know where we are headed with this. At >that point, it was obvious that WTB was going to once again make a bad >situation worse. > >This continued arrogance of the Wireless Bureau burned me up, so much so >that it was all I had on my mind during my trip back from D.C. Saturday >morning and through Sunday. It is one thing for the FCC to ignore us on >the BPL issue, which is a political matter. But for the WTB to ignore ARRL >on Part 97 amateur matters is just plain inexcusable! > >Sunday afternoon I concluded enough was enough. It was time to let the >Commissioners know exactly how bad the WTB staff screwed up this Docket >regarding the 80 meter expansion and the incompetence that it exhibited >subsequent to the release. > >One bright spot late Friday was a phone call Chris received from a >representative in Commissioner Copps office. He wanted to advise us of the >pending release of WT Docket 05-235 and what was contained in it was not >what the League had proposed and he wanted to discuss it. At that time >Chris mentioned the earlier call from Stone and expressed his concern over >the handling of our petition for reconsideration. Given the desire of >Copps office to discuss this matter I felt going to the Commissioners with >the WTB problems was the right thing to do. > >It is a given fact that we will never change the Wireless Bureau by >working directly with them. They have now proven beyond a shadow of a >doubt that they will ignore the Leagues expertise in amateur radio >matters. That being understood, our first course of action is to quit >beating our heads against the WTB wall and start working from the top down. > >Sunday afternoon I drafted a letter for Chairman Martin and each of the >Commissioners. I sent it to Dave and Chris for review. After some edits we >settled on a final version that has now been sent to the Chairman and each >of the Commissioners. > >It is attached for your info. > >While this will become a public record since it is being sent to FCC, I do >not plan any hoopla or news stories about it. This is just step one of an >objective to turn this situation around. > >73 Joel W5ZN >

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