I believe attendees at Visalia represent an elite group of amateurs, and certainly not the “average” amateur.

Thus, from this highly non-random sample, no quantitative conclusions can be made that represent the full range of those in the hobby, or even in the ARRL.  In particular, lack of issues with HOAs among Visalia's attendees tells us nothing about the incidence of such problems among average amateurs.

73,

       Greg, K0GW